How Did The Mongols Change Over Time

Economic growth laid the material basis from the Italian Renaissance, from 1050 to 1300, witnessed commercial and financial development, the growing political power of self-governing cities, and great population expansion (cultural achievements)

The political history of Italy is quite extensive. The Greeks were the first to settle in Italy and established colonies in the southern part of the country and in Sicily. There was not a sense of political reality as much as there was a civilization (Windows on Italy- History). While the Greeks controlled the south the Gauls, or Celtic people, ruled the north and the Po Valley. But the most important group to settle in Italy was the Etruscans. Because of their advanced civilization, the Etruscans were the only ones to establish political and cultural ideas before the Roman Empire (Windows on Italy- History). At the end of the Etruscans rule, Rome began a unification of Italy and established Latin to be the general language (Defusco).

Before the Italian Unification, Italy has not been politically unified since the Roman Empire. Italy consisted of many autonomous city-states and there was also a great influence of foreign dynasties. Most of the North part of Italy belonged to Austria-Hungary, the South part to the Bourbon dynasty and the states of church, which were located in between to the Pope as the supranational sovereign. The Pope himself also created another barrier against the unification together with France, Spain and Austria-Hungary. During every invasion, at least one ruler always stood on the side of invaders for his own profit. Both the city-states and the dynasties were resistant towards patriotic movements, which were not of their own and fought neighboring states, representing a threat. After the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte, forty years of

We begin our narrative into the Late Medieval period. Europe was prospering with good crop harvest, expanding population and a degree of economic stability in the Eurasian trade routes, brought about by the Mongol rule in the east. Focus of this paper is mainly in Italy, at this time in Italy, there were no centralized monarchy, and rather we have land primarily divided into city states having their own ruling parties. The kingdom of Naples and Sicily in the south, the papacy ruling the center of the peninsula and

After Napoleon’s downfall Italy was made up of: Kingdom of two Sicilies, The Papal states, the Austrian empire, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the only real independent state was Piedmont Savoy. In 1848, revolutions swept through Europe- Milan and Venice fought against the Austrians, the sicilians fought against Naples for independence, and Rome fought for social reforms.

Before unification, Italy was a collection of different independent states. The Italian Wars, which went on from 1494 to 1559, were fought for the control of these Italian states by European powers. The most consistently fought over city-states in Italy were Naples, Florence, Venice, Sicily, and the Papal State of Rome. Many European powers were involved in the beginning, but soon the wars became a struggle between mainly France and Spain. While the Italian Wars were harsh on Italy, they helped to spread the Italian Renaissance throughout Western Europe. The Renaissance Era began a new way of thinking, which has been traced to the beginnings of Italian nationalism, which has contributed to the Unification of Italy.

During the Middles Ages there was constant war and little progress politically, economically, culturally, or socially. However, after the three major crisis signaled the end of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the rebirth of classical arts, literature, and learning throughout Europe, began and created a prosperous time period for the 1300s - 1600s AD, which began in Italy. Although Italy was the first country to be hit by the bubonic plague and have 60% of its population die, Italy was also the starting country of the Renaissance for three main reasons, its large city-states, its wealthy merchant class, and its heritage to the Classical civilizations.

At the beginning of the 14th century, Italian cities was lands of first and foremost importance in the way of economic and political organization. Italy is the richest merchant country for both Europe and the East. In addition, Italy was fortunate to have a huge repository of classical monuments and artifacts. For examples, Roman architectures and Sculpture were found in most towns and cities, including copies of lost sculptures from ancient Greece, which were familiar in centuries. These are the conditions that made Italy became the first place where the Renaissance began on the Late Middle Ages, then spreading to the rest of Europe at different scales and levels. Renaissance means "rebirth," which embraces the flourishing of Latin as well

Italy, as it is known today, has been in existence for less than one hundred fifty years. For several centuries, Italy had been made up of separate states often ruled by foreign powers. In 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded and conquered the Italian peninsula. After falling under French rule, the peninsula was divided into three parts: several northern states, which were annexed to France, the Kingdom of Italy, of which Napoleon declared himself king in 1805, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south. Napoleon and the French brought new ideas about society and governing with them. They also brought the concepts of freedom and nationalism with them, which might have sparked Italy’s later attempts to achieve unity. Napoleon’s reign over Italy crumbled with his defeat in 1814. Shortly after, parts of Italy were distributed amongst other European countries, particularly Austria, and returned to former rulers by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Many people were unhappy with the actions of the Congress and secret societies started to grow to oppose these rulers and promote the idea of a united Italy.

Italy as we know it today did not exist before 1870, the geographical area we now know as Italy was then a collection of different stated ruled by different leaders, all with their own dialect, culture and economy. Between 1815 and 1850 a sensation began to progress that these states should join together to form one country and in 1848 she had her 1st war of independence. Some argue its help came from Cavour followed by Garibaldi, also others argue it came from the resentment of foreign rule, first from France and from Austria. However it is significant to consider added factors including the role of Mazzini.

Italy has not existed as a country for long--for a while, Italy was a politically divided combination of states. In 1799, Russia and Austria managed to expel France from Italy, but this only lasted until the Italian provinces and city-states were once again conquered by France and fell under the rule of Napoleon. Napoleon established the Kingdom of Italy, but with his downfall came the territorial provisions of the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Throughout these decades, the Italian states were greatly fragmented and Giuseppe Mazzini played a tremendous role in their unification. Mazzini believed that a common uprising would unite the Italian people--a philosophy which, for the most part, was successful. However, once many Italians

Northern Italy was divided between the duchy of Milan and the republic of Venice. After the death of the last Visconti ruler of Milan in 1447, Francesco Sforza, one of the leading condottieri of the time, turned on his Milanese employers, conquered the city, and became its new duke. Both the Visconti and the Sforza rulers worked to create a highly-centralized territorial state. They were especially successful in devising systems of taxation that generated enormous revenues for the government. The maritime republic of Venice remained an extremely stable political entity governed by a small oligarchy of merchant-aristocrats. Its commercial empire brought in enormous revenues and gave it the status of an international power. At the end of the fourteenth century, Venice embarked on the conquest of a territorial state in northern Italy to protect its food supply and its overland trade routes. Although expansion on the mainland made sense to the Venetians, it frightened Milan and Florence, which worked to curb what they perceived as the expansionary designs of the Venetians. Besides the five major states, there were a number of independent city-states under the control of powerful ruling families that became brilliant centers of Renaissance culture in the fifteenth century.

The first stage of unification was 1800 to 1815, where Napoleon I was the primary mover. He made a huge number of changes such as changing ruling dynasties , simplifying trade boundaries, and most importantly, establishing his ‘Code Napoleon’ as law. Mack Smith argues that these reforms made Italy change

People have lived here for thousands of years, even predating the roman empire and the etruscan and greek civilizations. It all started around 1st century BC Italy was under control of one single power, which was Rome until about the 5th century AD. During the 4th century the Etruscans are steadily losing power to the romans. Who have recently been part of the Etruscan world and have bowed down to the Etruscan kings for quite awhile. The romans gradually extended their rule through italy. By 42BC the all of italy is administered as Roman providence. The italian renaissance began in Tuscany, which is centered in the city of florence. Then it later spread to the south having a huge impact on Rome. This was later largely rebuilt by the renaissance popes. In 750 BC when the Etruscans establishes the first civilization in italy. This was the region between the Arno and the Tiber. Italy isn’t an old nation at all. In fact, it’s younger than the United States. The Italian Renaissance peaked in the late 15th century as the foreign invasions took place in the region. During all the other periods of prehistory and history the desire of this piece of land has been shared and fought over by numerous rival groups.When the United States was still celebrating the Civil War in 1861, that’s when Italy was born. Before the Italian peninsula consisted of the number of city-states it is now, the lands were controlled by the roman catholics. Rome was then captured and become its own capital in

Italy is a country rich in history and culture and well known through the world for its climate, beautiful landscapes and architecture, fine food and wine, and most importantly luxury exports. Italy is a peninsula located in Southern Europe, extending into the Mediterranean Sea. Although Italy, is 80% surrounded by the sea, the bordering countries are Austria, France, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Also, Italy has two small islands known as Sardinia and Sicily, which are located in the Mediterranean Sea. Many people remember Italy, because of it unique shape, it is shaped just like a boot. Italy was first settled in 1200 B.C. by the Greeks, and then the Romans. Rome which is the capital of Italy, was the center of their great Roman Empire. Rome is home to Vatican City, which holds history of 29 centuries, and is one of our global cities. (worldpopulationreview.com)