How Do Proteins Help Body Repair Cells

The endocrine system includes of specific tissues and glands which secrete chemical messengers to the body called hormones. The glands are aided by the nervous system and chemical receptors in the blood and other hormones produced by other glands. Hormones regulate many functions of the body such as cellular metabolism, reproduction, sugar and mineral homeostasis and digestion.

2. protein provide structure in every cell in our body- Proteins are present in all areas and processes of the cell. proteins hep maintain the cell keep its shape, and control the movement of particles in and out of the cell. It also help send signal and repair of damaged cells. Proteins control movement in the cell division.

a. Proteins- macromolecules made of amino acids. Proteins have many functions in the body. Some sources of proteins are whole-grain cereals, dark breads,rice, beans, and meat.

The functional groups are called aminos and carboxyls. The linkage type is by using a peptide bond. The primary function of protein is build and repairs the body.

A protein has multiple existing structures, these are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures which occur progressively. A protein is essentially a sequence of amino acids which are bonded adjacently, and interact with one another in various ways depending on the R group that the amino acid contains. There are 20 different amino acids which are able to be arranged in any given order, thus giving rise to a potential 2.433x1018 (4.s.f) different combinations, and therefore interactions between the various amino acids.

A hormone is a type of chemical messenger that allows communication between cells. Hormones are concealed by the glands of the endocrine system and they help to maintain homeostasis and to regulate reproduction and development. Glands of the endocrine system secrete hormones right into the extracellular environment. The hormones then diffuse to the bloodstream by capillaries and are transported to the target cells. Hormones are molecules that generally apply effects at sites other than that from which they were produced and secreted.

Protein is made up of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of your muscles and

Proteins consist of chains of smaller compounds called amino acids, they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulfur atoms. Enzymes, antibodies, and the myoglobin are examples of proteins (American Heritage: Student Science Dictionary 272). Protein is a straight chain of amino acids. You need protein to survive (Rader).

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

The Functions of Proteins Introduction Protein accounts for about three-fourths of the dry matter in human tissues other than fat and bone. It is a major structural component of hair, skin, nails, connective tissues, and body organs. It is required for practically every essential function in the body. Proteins are made from the following elements; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often sulphur and phosphorus.

About one quarter of all the protein in your body is collagen. It is a major structural material that forms molecular cables to strengthen the tendons and resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, protecting and supporting the softer tissues and connecting them with the skeleton. But, in spite of its critical function in the body, collagen is a relatively simple protein.

This is where the hormones; insulin and glucagon interfere. Insulin is a regulatory hormone of glucose which is produced and released by beta cells in the pancreas; an organ located behind the stomach (Niddk.nih.gov, 2015). Insulin secretion is triggered by the presence of great amounts of glucose and it helps cells utilize glucose as a form of energy (Niddk.nih.gov, 2015). It plays a major role in how the body uses digested food for energy. It allows the body to use the immense glucose in a safe and efficient manner, as excess glucose in the blood poses illnesses upon the body. First, insulin signals the cells that there is glucose present for usage. The cells may need and take that glucose if they are in need of energy or may reject that available glucose if they have sufficient amounts of it to carry out their tasks (Anon, 2015). In the case where cells may reject the glucose, it will have to be used up differently or stored. Insulin then carries glucose to other parts of the body like the muscle and liver cells (Anon, 2015). Insulin triggers the liver and muscle cells to store excessive glucose in the form of glycogen (Bano, 2013). When the muscle and liver cells use up or store the given glucose in the form of glycogen, blood glucose levels decrease and insulin reduces the production of glucose in the liver (Bano, 2013). The stored glycogen can later be reconverted back to glucose when sugar levels fall. After providing glucose to the muscle and liver cells, the insulin will carry glucose to the adipose tissue where fat cells are present (Bano, 2013). The fat cells will also accept the extra glucose and store it for later

Approximately 90% of the pancreas is exocrine. The remaining approximate 10% of the pancreas acts as an endocrine gland that consists of around a million pancreatic islets called the islets of Langerhans. Inside the islets are three main types of cell that detect the amount of glucose in the blood: alpha, beta and delta cells. Situated mostly around the outside of the cell are alpha cells, mainly towards the centre are beta cells, and scattered throughout in a limited number are delta cells. The pancreas secretes a number of hormones that help with the stasis of blood-glucose levels in humans including antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon, as well as somatostatin. A hormone is a chemical messenger which is made in glands and carried around the body in the bloodstream to coordinate many body processes. Blood glucose homeostasis regulation is a form of negative feedback which is a self-correction mechanism of the body. This means that if an individual is hyperglycaemic, insulin output increases and glucagon output

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

All proteins are composed of amino acids, organic molecules made from Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Collagen is the most ample protein in mammals, in fact collagen constitutes around 25 % of a mammals entire protein content, Collagen is more precisely a family of proteins rather than one particular protein. Fibroblasts are the cells that usually produce collagen. Collagen is a complex molecules so doesn’t have a simple chemical structure for it; diagrams usually show collagen as a fiber.(Helmenstine 2015). There are 19 types of collagen in the collagen family, the 5 most abundant are type I collagen, found in connective tissue of skin, bones, teeth, tendons, ligaments, fascia and organ capsules, type II found in joint cartilage, type III, found in connective tissue of our organs such as liver, spleen and kidneys and type IV & V are the separating layer between epithelial and endothelial cells as well as between skeletal or smooth muscle cells , lens capsule, Schwann & glial cells of the nervous system.(Cellbone® technology 2007) Collagen is fibrous, fibrous proteins tend to have the hydrophilic R groups brought to the inside of the molecule and the hydrophobic R groups tend to be pushed to the outside of the molecule making it insoluble due to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions . Collagen is also a strong structural protein thus Collagen suits its function in animal connective tissues such as bone skin and muscle. (Fullick et al 2015)