How Does Co2 Affect The Rate Of Breathing

Air escaped from the lung into the pleural space. Eventually, enough air collected in the pleural space to cause the mediastinum to shift twoard the right. The collapsed left lung, increased intrapleural pressure, and rightward shift make it difficult to ventilate A.W.

The oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs and it goes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.

and is re-oxygenated. The oxygenated blood returns from the lungs by the pulmonary veins and

Consisting of respiratory circulation, upper and lower airways, and the chest wall the pulmonary system interchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between our blood and the environment we live in. The pulmonary system works by moving air into and out of the lungs by ventilation, then diffuses the gases between pleural spaces in the lungs and bloodstream. The act of ventilation is involuntary, being controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system. The ANS interprets impulses from the peripheral and central chemoreceptors and the lungs receptors and transmits impulses to the respiratory muscles to either contract or relax. Lastly, in conjunction with the cardiovascular system, blood is moved into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs and into the rest of the body?s tissues and organs by perfusion. Oxygen is transported with the blood by binding to the hemoglobin, without hemoglobin oxygen is unable to arrive to the cells. Interactions between receptors and impulses related to trauma, metabolic ailment, infection or disease will reduce the functions of the pulmonary system causing respiratory distress.

of the blood and into the alveolar air. Similarly, blood arriving in the alveoli has a lower

Breathing begins with a curved muscle underneath of the lungs called the diaphragm. When you inhale the diaphragm decreases in size. When it decreases in size it evens out and pulls downward. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing. This movement makes the space that the lungs are in to get bigger. This enlarges space then draws air into the

As a result gas exchange takes place in both directions rapidly and effectively along Consequently in the lungs / alveoli's gas exchange occurs into and out to the lungs. This exchange occurs in a rate that occurs rapidly and efficiently. This occurs in a steepest possible concentration gradient.

There are three unique muscles which serve a dual process, the internal intercostals, lateral iliocostalis thoracic, and latissimus dorsi. They all keep their same origin and insertion points but differ by functions. They elevate the ribs and rib cage during inhalation and also depress the ribs and rib cage during exhalation. Another muscle is the lateral iliocostalis lumborum also works with the lateral iliocostalis thoracis to stabilize the back ribcage. Next the serratus posterior inferior is v-shaped and is found further down the spinous process, and helps with muscle rotation. Another word for serratus is jagged. The next muscle is the transverse thoracic it look like legs of a spider but separates the thoracic cage. Second to last are the subcostals and these muscles resemble the internal intercostals but may skip one or more ribs. Finally the quadratus lumborum can be seen only when the abdominal contents have been removed. Although some of these muscles are different in origin and insertion points there functions play a major role during exhalation in which they pull down on the rib cage in order to reduce air

The most important aspect to controlling the rate and depth of breathing is the carbon dioxide on the chemoreceptors. Carbon dioxide will diffuse from the blood then into the cerebrospinal fluid which is a clear watery fluid that is between the android membrane and the pia mater, which is located in the 4th ventricle. Then carbon dioxide merges with water to then create carbonic acid this then separates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate

The process of inhalation starts with the diaphragm contracting and moving downwards. This increases the space in the thoracic cavity, which then causes an expansion of the lungs. The intercostal muscles between the ribs helps this expansion of the chest cavity to occur. The muscles contract to pull the rib cage upward and outward as you inhale. As the lungs expand, air enters the body from the nose and mouth. From there, air enters the trachea, larynx, and into the lungs. After passing the bronchioles the air enters the alveoli, where oxygen from the air passes the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen moves from the alveolus to the blood with the help of the protein hemoglobin. While this is happening, carbon dioxide travels from the pulmonary artery

When we breathe; exhalation moves the diaphragm up into the chest cavity and reduces the amount of space in it. This forces the air, which is thick with carbon dioxide at that point, out of the lungs and trachea. It then exits the body through the nose or mouth. Usually, this requires no physical effort from the body and is something that is done naturally. Diffusion of oxygen into the blood takes place at the alveoli (air sacs).

Deoxygenated blood flows out of the heart (the right ventricle) to the lungs for gases

The trachea diverts air from the nose to the lungs. It has a flap called the epiglottis to cover the opening of the trachea so food and liquid do not get into the lungs. Below the pharynx and on top of the trachea is the larynx, also known as the voicebox. The larynx is where we produce voice, it also helps us swallow and breathe. Air passes through the trachea and enters the bronchial tree, “a series of branching tubes of progressively smaller diameter that lead to the lung surface” (Whittemore, 2004, pg. 35). The bronchial tree is made up of the trachea, the two main bronchi, bronchioles (smaller airways), and alveoli (tiny spongy sacs at the ends of the bronchioles). The alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries. When you inhale, the air can move into the capillaries then into the blood. Blood then carries and distributes the oxygen from the air into the body. In return, carbon dioxide is carried from different parts of the body through the blood into the capillaries then into the alveoli where it is then exhaled. The diaphragm is a muscle that lies at the bottom of the lungs. It separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, and pulls down. This causes the chest cavity to become larger and increase in volume which allows air flow into the lungs. During exhalation the opposite happens. The diaphragm moves up and the ribs move in and down, forcing air out.

When we use a lot of energy that requires us to use more oxygen since oxygen is what gives us the energy we need. The harder we work or run or do activities the more oxygen we need to intake to give to the millions of cells in the body. This is the reason when we run we breathe harder and deeper because our body is trying to keep up with us. When we breathe harder and faster our heart is also beating faster which is causing blood to pump more through the body each minute. Therefore the red blood cells make more trips and deliver more oxygen to the tissue cells also getting rid of more carbon dioxide than if we were doing nothing. Located in the medulla and pons of our brain is what is called the respiratory control center. In our book on page 382 it says, “These centers are in turn regulated by a number of inputs from receptors located in varying areas of the body. These receptors can sense the need for changing the

The inspiratory system sends an impulse to the muscles of inspiration - the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles - and the stimulation of these muscles causes us to breathe in. As the lungs expand due to inspiration this change is detected by pressure receptors of stretch receptors which then stimulate the expiratory centre, which then stimulates the muscles of expiration - the diaphragm and the internal intercostals