How Does Fatty Acid Contribute To The Production Of Glucose

The concept of energy intake and expenditure refers to the amount of calories per day that an individual consumes, and is the chemical energy in foods which can be metabolized to produce energy available to the body. As stated before energy is obtained from the foods we eat and is used to support an individual’s Basal Metabolic Rate, energy is measured in calories or joules as both units are very small they are multiplied by 1,000 and referred to as kilocalories. Different foods provide us with different amounts of energy, and the potential fuel sources available to exercising muscles are fats – 1 gram fat =9.0kcal = 23kJ,

The energy for all physical activity comes from the conversion of high-energy phosphates (adenosine triphosphate—ATP) to

Almost everyone who has pursued a sport with any seriousness has experienced muscle fatigue and the most commonly-cited culprit is lactic acid. However, viewing lactic acid as the metabolic 'bad guy' of athletics is fundamentally in error. In fact, "lactic acid is actually a fuel, not a caustic waste product. Muscles make it deliberately, producing it from glucose, and they burn it to obtain energy. The reason trained athletes can perform so hard and so long is because their intense training causes their muscles to adapt so they more readily and efficiently absorb lactic acid. The understanding now is that muscle cells convert glucose or glycogen to lactic acid. The lactic acid is taken up and used as a fuel by mitochondria, the energy factories in muscle cells" (Kolata 2006). What was long assumed to be harmful to athletic performance is in fact vitally necessary for sustained effort by the athlete. The reason that trained athletes may have less lactic acid and lower rates of fatigue than untrained athletes is that their bodies have learned to absorb the acid and use it as fuel more productively, not that their bodies produce less lactic acid.

The endurance of exercise performance could be limited by the availability of muscle glycogen (Roberts PA1 2016).

The body needs beta alanine to combat fatigue, to keep working and endure especially among athletes. While doing exercise, there is an increase in the number of hydrogen ions in the body, and there is energy formation as well. The hydrogen ions happen since there since the body produces lactic energy. This

When you exercise, your body begins to use up your supply of ATP, breaking it down into ADP and using the energy from the breaking of that bond. However, it also stimulates the mitochondria to begin producing more ATP, which in the long run, leaves you with more energy. The first step in the process is the use of glucose in glycolysis. The glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 4 electrons ( NAD+ and NADH), and two ATP molecules are used in the process. Glycolysis creates 4 ATP molecules, so you gain 2 ATP in this part of the process.

Without exercise, the glycogen levels of muscles remain high. Then, as the athlete trains, these levels are used as fuel and become depleted. The resulting very low glycogen levels within an athlete are the primary source of physical exhaustion (Peterson, 1996). In order to prevent this muscle fatigue, athletes and their nutritionist have resorted to relying on fueling up on more carbohydrates prior to an event (Kersick al, 2008). Some side effects to this carbohydrate rich diet include upset stomach, diarrhea, and constipation

There are three energy pathways that allow our bodies to use and distribute energy as needed while energizing our activities/exercises and fueling our lives. Most often our energy stems from the foods we eat. Food is converted to adenosine triphosphate, or in other words ATP. Adenosine triphosphate is an instant and automatic chemical energy that is used in the process of cellular production. ATP is stored in very small amounts in our muscles. Our bodies use the transfer of food as the largest source of energy, or in this context energy pathway. These three pathways include phosphagen, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic glycolysis. These pathways energize our bodies and muscles on a daily basis. They definitely have a special and important role in the use and distribution of energy.

Lipid-induced muscle insulin resistance plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. A cellular mechanism of this lipid-induced muscle insulin resistance has yet to be discovered. The Randle model proposes lipid oxidation raises mitochondrial [acetyl-CoA]/ [acetyl CoA] and [NADH]/[NAD+] ratios. This is because acetyl-CoA and NADH are allosteric inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). PDH converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, thus linking the processes of glycolysis and citric acid cycle. Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid produces citrate, which inhibits the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase. Thus, increased fatty acid oxidation reduces glycolytic flux and prevents muscular glucose uptake and leads to impairment

The aim of this study was to test the effect of temperature on the skeletal muscle mitochondria capacity to oxidize fatty acids of endurance training and to determine the effect of endurance training on mitochondrial biogenesis markers, muscle fatty acid transporter CD36, and other mitochondrial proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acids are important compounds animals use as an energy source. Previous studies have suggested the increase of skeletal muscle oxidation of fatty acid is related to the increase of mitochondrial biogenesis causing the increase of fatty acid oxidation enzymes. On the other hand, other studies have suggested the increase of skeletal muscle oxidation of fatty acid is related to a fatty acid transporter

A lot of individuals struggle with weight loss because after skipping breakfast, they load up on calories and carbs during lunch and dinner due to starvation from the morning, but those who front load their calories earlier or throughout the day see success in getting their eating under control and lose weight. A sedentary lifestyle and lack of regular physical activity results in increasing cardiovascular risk factors, such as abdominal obesity, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and arterial hypertension (Sabaka et al., 2015). The first study conducted examined the effect of exercise performed before breakfast on body fat balance which required the measurement of accumulated fat oxidation over a 24-hour period. Fat oxidation is defined as a process by which the stored, large lipid molecules are broken down into smaller parts, triglycerides and fatty acids to use as energy (Iwayama et al., 2015). The study included a 24-hour indirect calorimetry measurement on four occasions with a session of 60 minutes of exercise performed before breakfast with an overnight fast, after lunch, or after dinner. The study was performed on healthy young men who were recreationally active but untrained individuals, who exercise 2-4 days per week at moderate intensity (Iwayama el al., 2015). The results of these studies would contribute to the understanding of the effect of time of day on the helpful effects of exercise on fat oxidation. Working out before breakfast resulted in an increase in fat oxidation compared to a stationary day. The experiment was focused strictly on energy balance, it didn’t include the effects of a stationary day in this study. A similar study examined if training after an overnight fast accelerates the loss of body fat. Since low glycogen and insulin levels cause the body to shift energy utilization

The results of the comparison between the three protocols (training fasted, training carbohydrate rich breakfast, training fat rich breakfast) showed that RER was significantly higher after consuming a breakfast (carbohydrate breakfast0.88±0.03; fat breakfast 0.76±0.04) when compared to the fasted state (0.81±.02), this can be explained because of an increase of carbohydrate utilization after consuming food. An expected outcome from the study proved that RER was increased by food intake, suggesting a shift of substrate utilization from lipids to carbohydrate (Paoli et al., 2011; Keogh et al., 2007). The RER was highest when consuming a carbohydrate breakfast and lowest when in the fasted state. This was expected as the participants were using more carbohydrates as an energy source proving that training when fasted

Transition from a predominantly carbohydrate based to a fat based energy metabolism may be a result of an increase in the rate of fatty acid mobilization and delivery to muscle mitochondria->increase in the rate of fatty acid oxidation and a concomitant inhibition of carbohydrate oxidation (Suarez et al. 1986)

Carbohydrate loading is a strategy commonly followed by many athletes before an endurance competition to increase muscle glycogen storage (Benrdat, 2012, p. 163). The general technique is to gradually increase carbohydrate and fluid intake each day, beginning the week before competition, while exercise is tapered downward (2012, p. 163). This reasonable, safe strategy maximizes glycogen storage (2012,

This process is accelerated by an increase in sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue during exercise. Maintaining a sufficient production of ATP during moderate to heavy dynamic exercise is required and dependent upon the breakdown of glycogen as well. Exhaustion occurs when glycogen stored in the muscles are depleted. Therefore, the capacity for sustained work at moderate to heavy intensities depends on the amount of stored glycogen, which varies from person to person and can be altered by prior activity and diet (Pflanzer