How Does Genetics Affect The Environment

While there are many theories there is no single cause of autism. One theory assumes multiple factors interacting in complex ways (i.e. genes, environment and brain) can cause autism. Genetics play a role but do not explain the full picture or the recent increase in reported cases. According to Volkmar and Weisner (2009), "Identical twins have identical genes, while fraternal twins share only some genes. The implication of this finding was that there was potentially a very strong genetic contribution in autism. A number of studies have shown that this is the case. " (p. 26). There are medical conditions associated with autism which include, phenylketonuria, congenital rubella, tuberous sclerosis, and Fragile X. The strongest associations are with Fragile X, a genetic condition causing intellectual disability and tuberous sclerosis, a genetic disorder that causes tumors to form in many different organs, primarily in the brain, eyes, heart. There is no strong evidence that environmental etologies cause autism. Some researchers assume that environmental toxins can increase the rate of autism, but evidence proposed for environmental factors is based on a case by case report which is difficult to interpret (Volkmar & Weisner,

While genes play a role in the development or triggering of autism, they do not occupy the entire picture. Many other factors, termed as “environmental factors”, also play a significant role in the early development of autism. What the term “environmental” includes may be debatable. What falls into the category of environmental factors must be identified in order to prevent misleading pretenses. Throughout the research of autism, the word “environmental” refers to any influence beyond

Autism is a word that every modern parent is aware, and even afraid of. This word autism, however, has become common quite recently. It first appeared in 1943-1944 when Leo Kanner in Baltimore and Hans Asperger in Vienna, published articles describing a childhood disorder named “autism”. They actually borrowed this term from Kraepelin and Bleuler, who used it to “describe the escape from reality and withdrawal seen in schizophrenia” (Catherine and Frédérique 2431-2443). Now the term “autism spectrum disorder”(ASD) refers to a “condition of early childhood characterized by multiple impairments in socialization and communication, as well as unusual interests and repetitive behavior”(Lawrence and Karen 51-53). According to Dr.Jose Cordero, director of the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, autism has become an “urgent public health issue”(Caroline). It is a global phenomenon occurring in industrialized countries. Statistics shows a huge increase of autism in children: in 2000 every one in 150 children was autistic compared to one in 68 now(Alice). The most well known causes of autism are the use of vaccines, the increasing age of parents, and genetically modified foods. In addition, most researchers now believe that autism is caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental triggers and possibly the use of

Within the last twenty years, the amount of empirical research regarding the possible cause(s) and risk factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased (Lai et al., 2014). According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ASD is currently identified in approximately 1 out of 68 children living in the United States, compared to 1 in 10,000 children in 1980 (Baio, 2014). The rise in ASD prevalence highlights the need to continue research into etiology, risk factors, and effective treatments. Purpose: This paper is a critical review of current scientific studies that have focused on the ASD population about etiology of the disorder, susceptibility, and prevalence. Theories and factors that appear to influence or predict ASD outcome are reviewed. Method: Twenty-two research articles published between January 1, 2009, and November 1, 2014, in scientific, peer-reviewed journals were retrieved from the following electronic databases: ProQuest, CINAHL Complete, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The articles were evaluated for risk of bias. Results: Recent findings suggest autism is a disorder caused by interplay of multiple genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors.

For many years, autism was rare, occurring in just five children per 100,000 live births. However, according to the Autism Research Institute, since the the early 1900's, the rate of

But two primary immediate causes are both genetic and environmental. “Research in 2009 found that variations in an area of chromosome 5 appear to play a vital role in some cases of autism” (“Autism”1).This betokens that 5 concrete chromosomes are evidently found to involve certain components of the cerebrum that cause ASD. “Many of the genes associated with ASD are involved in the development of the brain. The proteins produced from these genes affect multiple aspects of brain development, including production, growth, and organization of nerve cells (neurons).” (“Autism”1).The designations and symptoms of autism that are viewed from these stunt in magnification of the genes are behavioral issues which reflect on environmental

What causes Autism is unknown and unpreventable. Researchers do not know the exact cause of autism but are investigating links that may suggest they could be heredity, from genetics and medical problems. “In many families, there appears to be a pattern of autism or related disabilities that support that the disorder has a genetic basis. No one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of genetic code that children with autism may have inherited. researchers are investigating the possibility that under certain conditions, a cluster of unstable genes may interfere with brain development, resulting in autism. Autism tends to occur more frequently than expected among individuals who have certain medical conditons, including fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, congenital rubella syndrome and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU). Some harmful

Although autism has spread globally, scientists continue conducting research to identify the precise causes. More specifically, they are zeroing in on genetic mutations, brain chemistry abnormalities, and maternal factors. One possible cause that can lead to autism is genetic mutations. First of all, families studies indicate that children can affected by autism through heredity. It is true that children inherited some characteristics from their parents. This is because a chromosome of a child produced by one chromosome father and the other one from mother, which formed as DNA. As a matter of fact, if parents have some genetic disease, they can pass it to the offspring through DNA. In same way, because autism is a genetic disorder, it can pass down generation. In fact, according to Cowley (2000), the prevalence of having autistic child is 5% of family who already has this disorder, which means around 25 times the normal average. Clearly, inheriting autism through families result in increasing the number of autistic children in the population. Another evidence shows that autism can caused by inheriting genetic disorder is through conducting twins studies. There are two types of twins. First one is identical twins, which formed by splitting one fertilized egg and then developed in two babies. Therefore, they are sharing the same genetic codes. However, this different from fraternal twins who do not share the same genetic information because they are formed by two

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental that includes disordersocial impairments, difficulty in communicating verbally and nonverbally, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Autism was first diagnosed in the early 1940’s. Signs of Autism and diagnosis usually occur before the child becomes 3 years of age. Autism occurs in children about 1–2 per 1,000 people worldwide. It is diagnosed more in children that are boys rather than girls. The number of children diagnosed with Autism has drastically increased since the 1980’s with still, no known cause. Although, some scientists have come up with the theory that Autism may be hereditary or environmental causes.

From my perspective, the way a person behaves can be influenced by the combination of both elements, Nature and Nurture. Although people inherit genetic traits from their parents, his or her behaviors can also be affected through his or her parents’ upbringings and through the environment in which he or she grows up in. In addition, a person’s personality from childhood may not necessarily last into adulthood, which could also have an important effect on a person’s behavior. Ultimately, inheriting traits from our family member can be one of the reasons why we behave and act like them, but because everyone is different and unique, it makes the research more difficult.

In my research, I have found that the inconclusive results of autism studies has lead to stunted development in finding effective treatments. Journals, news articles, and medical sources have only further supported this case. Researchers and scientists alike are torn between the type of cause, whether autism comes from genetic or environmental origins. The barriers to finding the cause of autism include the requirement of early detection, the limited amount of signs that appear at an early age, and the few studies focused towards autism. More research studies and projects need to be conducted in order to prevent autism in its tracks, before it fully affects someone.

Your examples illustrate the gene-environment correlation. According from the text book, achievement has 46 percent reflects on the influence of heredity, which is quite high of a percentage. I also believe that the culture in which an individual is raised also affects personality development. For example, I was born and raised in an Asian family, so my parents are very strict on education and have high expectation of me. Sometimes, they give me a lot of pressure because they compare me with my cousins and relatives. At the same time, they encouraged me to strive for my goals and accomplish bigger things in life.

One of the main unanswered questions that is still questionable is the environmental causes of autism. To better understand what the definition of environmental is. It is the impact that human activity has on its condition and the natural world. There are thousands of chemicals that are used every year in the United States. According to a research strategy to discover the environmental causes of autism, there have been over 80,000 new synthetic chemicals that have been developed in the United States in the last fifty years. (Landrigan & Goldman, 2011). There are

According to Sewell (2015), there is no single source of what causes autism. Scientists are looking into the idea that recent changes in genes or mutations could be causing the prevalence of autism; some of these rare mutations are being considered ample enough to be a sole cause of autism. As well, environmental factors swaying brain development in its juvenile stages are being investigated as another catalyst. (Sewell, 2015). However, it is becoming prevalent that autism is caused by a multitude of factors and combinations, which is why it is said that there is “no one type of autism” (Sewell,

The impact of genes on a person is a well-known assumption among people who study genetics. When you think about it, who we are and how we act is based off of our genetic makeup. Behavioral genetics studies the inheritance of behavioral traits. There are some people who are just nice and easygoing people while others behave in an unmoral way or are considered anti-social. Behavior genetics is that branch that is trying to figure out what factors play a part in how people act and what genes lead to diverse array of behavior. Not only could genetic information be inherited by a person’s parent but how much of their behavior is also determined by the environment, such as their living conditions, the people they surround themselves with, and other influences that may surround them. Behavior genetics environmental factors can be separated into two categories, shared and nonshared. Shared environment can be considered the environment that is shared by members in the same family, which can include the same parents or socioeconomic class. Nonshared environment is the one that is exclusive to an individual and incorporates their own peer group or hobbies not shared with family members. When you read a lot about behavioral genetics there is a lot of talk about Nature vs. Nurture, with genetics being the “nature” and the environment being “nurture.” Since I feel that a person’s “behavior” can be affected by both I can understand why this theory goes along with this topic. In order to