How Does Glycolysis Is Essential For Trypanosoma Brucei ( Tb )

One of the devastating diseases that was carried to East Africa was sleeping sickness (Ransford 111). The tsetse fly carries the sleeping sickness parasite, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and transmits it through its bite (African Trypanosomiasis). The isolated tribe’s total lack of immunity and the eastern migratory shift increased both the severity and rapidity of this disease for Eastern African regions. For example, the decline in the population of Lukolela from less than 6,000 in 1891 to only a little more than 700 in 1896, is due to this type of disease transference (Ransford 128).

Energy needed to function comes from the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). To keep a continuous supply of ATP, ATP is resynthesized using one of the three energy pathways. The three energy pathways are the phosphagen, anaerobic and aerobic systems.

Deadly insects are abundant in africa and kill people daily. The tsetse fly can cause sleeping

Discovered in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, affects an estimated 8 million individuals annually according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The number of individuals affected by this disease annually makes it a significant, yet preventable, problem. As a chronic parasitic infection, the disease is transmitted by insects and most commonly found in impoverished regions of Latin America, as well as the rest of the Americas. The purpose of this report is to explain the biology of this disease as well as its epidemiology and prevention strategies.

Background: A main challenge in chemotherapy is the delivery of an effective dose of a given cytotoxic agent to the tumor site. Immunotoxins are protein-based drugs consist of a target-specific binding domain with a cytotoxic domain to eliminate target cells. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic against diseases such as cancer. The B-subunit of shiga toxin (STXB), which is nontoxic and possess low immunogenicity, accurately binds to the globotriaosylceramide (GB3/CD77), that is expressed in high amounts on a number of human tumors for example pancreatic, colon, and breast cancer cells. Therefore, this toxin can be applied to target GB3-positive human tumors. In this study, we evaluate a new antitumor candidate called DT-STXB chimeric

The main purpose of this case study was to figure out what energy systems are being used between a 100 meter sprinter, 800 meter runner, and 10,000 meter distance runner. ATP must be present in order for muscle contraction to occur. An athlete can produce ATP in three diffrent ways, the ATP-PC sytstem, Glycolytic system, and the oxidative system. These 3 systems (ATP-PC,Glycolytic, Oxidative) will have a key role in which race the athlete will be sucessful at.

Introduction: The goal of this experiment was to practice using the FirstGlance in Jmol molecular visualization to examine key structural features of proteins. This work is important because protein structure can be related to function, multiple-sequence alignments and evolutionary preservation, and designing drug. FirstGlance in Jmol makes it fairly easy to perceive structure-function relationships in the protein you chose. Using FirstGlance, it is easy to visualize and distinguish chains, and disulfide bonds are obvious. Alpha helices and beta strands are evident due to the "cartoon" secondary structural schematic.

Trypansoma cruzi has components of antioxidant enzymes that can be found in at different subcellular compartments. These compartments defend the parasite against oxidative assaults. Trypomastigotes infect the cells and tissues making them into intracellular amastigotes.

East African Trypanosomiasis, better known as the sleeping sickness, is when a tsetse fly bites you and you get infected. The bite is painful and will turn into a red sore or in more serious cases a chancre. Tsetse flies feed on animals then they go and bite humans causing the disease. Some symptoms are fever, extreme fatigue, joint pains and headaches. Some people will experience personality changes and neurological problems. The symptoms will start to occur within one to three weeks prior to the bite. If this disease isn't treated death will occur within months. The fly bites during daylight and usually in woodland and savannah areas. People who live in rural areas have a much higher risk of getting bite by a tsetse fly. There is no way to prevent the bite. However there is treatment. This is a global issue in South Sudan, Africa. The sleeping sickness was first reported in South Sudan in 1908. East African Trypanosomiasis has been an issue for the past century.

West African trypanosomiasis, also called Gambian sleeping sickness, is a long-lasting (chronic) infection. The infection spreads over time to affect the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). Without treatment it is life-threatening.

When the infected Tsetse fly takes a meal on a human, the same process occurs with humans. Symptoms often start 1 to 3 weeks of infection. They include a chancre, a red sore, where the Tsetse fly bite, fever, headaches, extreme fatigue, weight loss, irritability, aching joints and muscles, and a skin rash. When the parasite invades the central nervous system, people experience confusion, personality changes, and other neurological problems. The parasites can be checked for through a skin biopsy, blood tests, and perhaps even a spinal tap. HOwever, it s is found in parts of Eastern and Southeastern Africa and over 95% of reported cases are from Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, and Zambia. Treatment should be performed as soon as possible and varies depending on lab results. It requires hospitalization and there are 2 years of periodic exams which can include spinal taps. Without treatment, death can occur within months. As with many things, it is best to prevent acquiring this parasite instead of receiving treatment after one acquires it. Preventive actions

Trypanosomiasis also known as T.b. Is mostly found in Sub-Sahara Africa. A bug called Tsetse flies around and spreads the disease. The disease that T.b. Causes is called sleeping sickness. What happens when you get thins is you get bit by the tsetse and the T.b. spreads throughout your body. The treatment for this disease is called Pentamidine, this drug is recommended for first stage T.b. Other drugs for this disease are called aura in, melarsoprol, eflonithine, and

African sleeping sickness is a disease with multiple factors that make it a deadly illness to contract. To understand the illness is to understand its vector and how it plays a critical role in its infection of people. The relationship between the protozoan and the Tsetse fly is an intimate one that cannot be disregarded when evaluating its effects on a community. When traveling to counties that have a Tsetse fly presence in Africa it is best to plan ahead and use preventative measures. It was been proven to be much easier to prevent an infection of African sleeping sickness as opposed to curing it. The protozoan is able to survive and thrive in multiple organisms which makes it an incredible microbe and its ability to use the Tsetse fly as

Crystal structure allows researchers to understand the functions of any compound. In biochemistry, structure dictates function. With the use of crystal structure analysis, scientists have a better way of analyzing specific proteins or enzymes and their function in our body. Observation of the human mitochondrial chaperonin is important because it assists in folding of mitochondrial proteins that allow for the production of energy in the cell. It also participates in specific process like apoptosis, inflammation and carcinogenesis. The study presents the structure of these human mitochondrial chaperonin to have an “American football”-shaped intermediate. It consists of two 7-membered chaperoning rings that are capped at each end. The symmetric and asymmetric bindings between the rings of the chaperonin suggest a mechanism that is distinct from the mechanism of E. Coli.

In 2014 MSF admitted 330 people for the african sleeping sickness. Tsetse flies are carriers of the parasite human African Trypanosomiasis. There are 65 million people at risk in 36 countries where tsetse flies are found. If not treated the disease is fatal. T. Brucei Gambiense is responsible for the reportings of more than 98% of human trypanosomiasis. Only 2% of reported cases come from T. Brucei rhodesiense. There are 3 kinds of trypanosomiasis but T. brucei brucei does not affect humans. (“What Is African Sleeping Sickness?”)