How Does Hypohydratation Affect The Body

Homeostasis can be defined as the balance maintained by the body through negative-feedback to regulate internal conditions within a normal range promoting sustained good health (Seeley, 2006). Exercising initiates a process that propels the body out of its normal parameters, therefore triggering negative-feedback loops with the aim of bringing the internal balance back into homeostasis. Increased energy intensities created through exercise influence heart rate (bpm), respiration and perspiration levels. Each system strives to assist in generating sufficient energy to continue exercising and sustain homeostasis (Sherwood, 2015). Concluding that the body has to work harder in order to maintain the correct internal environment during exercising, it is reasonable to suggest that an increase in heart and respiration rates, as well as

While most cells have room to stretch because they are embedded in flexible tissues, this is not the true for neurons. Within the brain cell there is almost zero room to expand and swell. So, brain edema, or swelling, can be disastrous. Rapid and severe hyponatremia causes the entry of water into brain cells leading to brain swelling, which present symptoms of seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brain stem herniation and death.

Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Application. 4th Edition

D1 outline the relationships between the cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems before, during and after a sporting activity

iii. the mechanisms by which a single session of vigorous exercise affects the diuresis produced by the water load (subject C).

The results of my pulse rate, breathing rate and temperature before and after the exercise are down below.

Athletes can perform at peak capacity and stay healthy by drinking regularly. Staying properly hydrated is not complicated and is essential for optimal performance. While eating the right types of food is extremely important, your body also needs water in order to stay cool and healthy. It is vital that your body recovers what is lost through the act of sweating, because your muscles and heart needs water in order to function properly. Without it, you will not get adequate circulation to your muscles and you can also face dehydration, a dangerous medical condition. The signs and symptoms of dehydration include:

They found that a high ambient temperature caused significant decreases in cardiac output. This failure to adequately increase cardiac output constitutes an important contributory factor limiting sedentary, unacclimated men's capacity to exercise in the heat. Gonzalez-Alonso and colleagues (Gonzalez-Alonso &Calbet, 2003) extended this knowledge and looked at the primary factors that limit V02max in trained men in thermoneutral and hot conditions. They found a decrease in V02max and time to fatigue in the hot condition compared to a thermoneutral environment.

Two mechanisms that increase oxygen consumption during physical activity, is the increased total quantity of blood pumped by the heart and the ability to use the already existing large quantities of oxygen carried by the blood6. An increased total quantity of blood pumped by the heart, also known as cardiac output, at maximum has a direct correlation with VO2max6. A near proportionate increase in maximum cardiac output increases in VO2max with in endurance trained and un-trained individuals has been distingushed6. This relationship suggests with physical activity VO2max is increased through an increase of cardiac output.

Athletes everyone always hear “you have to stay hydrated: make sure you drink plenty of fluids”, etc., but what does that actually mean, and what does it do to improve athletic performance. Our bodies require adequate amounts of water in order to survive because water regulates our body’s temperature, transports nutrients, and circulates blood throughout our entire bodies. If our bodies loose too much water we become dehydrated. During exercise, our bodies sweat out a lot of the water in our bodies. Too much water loss can lead to dehydration, which can potentially decrease the athletic performance, physically and mentally and lead to serious injury and illness (1). Will hydrating before exercise really improve athletic performance?

The patient is a 78-year-old female who had a recent fall. She fell on the left side. She has a very large left medial thigh hematoma. She continued to feel weak and unable to care for herself at home and presented to the ED. She is known to have hypertension, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, a TIA in 1998 with some minimal left-sided weakness and she has had nephrolithiasis. In the ED she was found that her creatinine has gone from 1.2-1.82. Sodium on admission was 130 with a glucose of 360 which suggests that she has some hyponatremia not as profoundas the 130 would suggest. The patient has a complained of pain all over her body, her neck, her arms and her back. She is evaluated by physical therapy who feels that she is unsafe

Choice “E” is the best answer. The treatment of SIADH and the need for rapid correction of hyponatremia depend on the degree of hyponatremia, whether the patient is symptomatic, and on whether the hyponatremia is acute (< 48 h) or chronic. The patient is experiencing severe symptoms of hyponatremia (unresponsive, Cheyne-Stokes respirations). Usage of any or a combination of the following is indicated: 3% hypertonic saline, loop diuretic with saline, vasopressin-2 receptor antagonists (vaptans), and water restriction. Furosemide and other loop diuretics can be used to increase the excretion of free water. The amount of excess water that must be removed to correct the hyponatremia can be calculated using total body water (TBW). TBW equals body

Lastly there is adaptive thermogenesis- Which is the energy expenditure that happens when a change of temperature of physiological stress happens on the body. Like a change in temperature that will require you to shiver or stressing that will cause anxiety and worry. This changes the energy expenditure because the body will use more energy to keep the body heat up if the surrounding energies are below the normal body temperature. Adaptive thermogenesis will regulate heat in response to diet, temperature which can result in a metabolic inefficiency. This will affect your sport performance because your body will be using more energy to keep your body in a healthy temperature reducing your performance in the physical activity that you are in.

Maughan, R. J., Owen, J. H., Shirreffs, S. M., & Leiper, J. B. (1994). Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of electrolyte addition to ingested fluids. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 69(3), 209-215.

An athlete needs to ensure that they consume enough fuel to complete activities undertaken. The amount of energy required depends on many factors including size and weight of the athlete, level and intensity of the training, and due to this the amount of energy required varies from person to person. However if more energy is consumed than required, the excess is stored as fat and weight will increase, on the other hand if insufficient energy is consumed the body calls upon its stores to meet the demand and weight will be lost.