HAP II ASSIGNMENT 2015
Q1
A. A cell will pass on its DNA sequence onto other cells through mitosis. Mitosis is cell division where the nucleus containing chromosomes are divided (evenly) between two cells. When the phases during mitosis are complete, two daughter cells are produced containing identical genetic makeup from the founding cell. The most significant phase would be interphase, where it is made of three sub-stages. First is G1 phase, where the cell gains mass to prepare for cell division. Second is S phase, where semi conservative DNA replication occurs. One strand of DNA is used as a template, (after being unwound and unzipped by helicase) whilst the DNA polymerase reads the strand in order to connect the corresponding bases. Ligase then ‘zips’ the original strand and new strand together. During G2 phase, replication is nearly complete and the mass continues to grow in size to prepare for division. Interphase is key as it allows for the two (strands) identical copies of the
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The hypothalamus is the bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system. In terms of the nervous system, the hypothalamus is involved as it receives information from different parts of the nervous system. The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, including the controlling regulation for body temperature, thirst, and blood pressure. For example the hypothalamus acts as a thermometer for the body (temperature of blood passing hypothalamus acts as thermometer), and in response it stimulates sweating or vasodilation to cool down. Whereas an endocrine organ, the hypothalamus is involved with the pituitary gland. Hormones such as Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, anti-diuretic hormone or corticotrophin hormone are all secreted by the hypothalamus. The release of hormones means it may lead to inhibiting or releasing hormone from the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is able to work things between the anterior and posterior pituitary due to
Mitosis: This is the process by which a cell duplicates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus in order to generate two identical daughter nuclei.
A copy of the DNA must be put into the new cell. The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is called DNA replication. Which occurs in the nucleus of the cell. The very first step to copy the DNA is that the enzyme helicase unwind the DNA strand and unzips it along the center. Then the next step is that the enzyme DNA polymerase reads the DNA strands and lays down matching nitrogenous bases.
Starting in the head and neck area one will find the hypothalamus, pineal gland, parathyroid glands, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland. Some of the functions of the hypothalamus, which is part of the brain, are to regulate body temperature, thirst, sleep, mood, hunger, and the release of other hormones in the body. The function pineal gland is to control circadian and circannual rhythms, and the release of melatonin. The function of the parathyroid glands is to mainly to control calcium levels in the body. The functions of the pituitary gland secrete various hormones for various functions. The function of the thyroid gland is to increase the metabolic rate to speed digestion. Now that the endocrine glands of the head and neck area have been introduced, now the glands of the upper and lower torso will be introduced and overviewed. The endocrine gland located in the upper torso is the thymus gland, in the lower torso the adrenal glands, pancreas, and testis/ovaries can be found. The function of the thymus gland is to stimulate the production and maturation of T Lymphocytes. The functions of the adrenal glands are the raising of glucose levels, the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium, and the stimulating of reproductive organs that bring about sex characteristics. The function of pancreas is to regulate blood glucose levels. And finally the function of the testis/ovaries is to stimulate sex characteristics. All of these glands make up the Endocrine System.
The hypothalamus is a small, vital section of the brain located just below the thalamus; it is in charge of numerous important bodily functions. The hypothalamus is shaped like a cone and ends in the pituitary stalk, a part of the pituitary gland. It forms the major portion of the ventral region of diencephalons, and oversees autonomic and metabolic processes. The hypothalamus is the connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system, creating this link by producing and secreting neurohormones that in turn stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones. The hypothalamus is central in the regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and in the management of emotions and sexual activity.
A: The hypothalamus controls hormone release mainly through the pituitary gland by sending signals in the form of releasing hormones to prompt the anterior lobe to secrete them as the main function of the pituitary gland is hormone secretion into the body. The anterior lobe is responsible for the release of crucial hormones including; growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and finally prolactin.
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain notified by receptors of an occurring imbalance in the body temperature and triggers reactions to overcome or counteract the change.
The Endocrine System is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, thymus, ovaries, testes, adrenal glands, and the hypothalamus. These glands secrete hormones that help maintain homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system releases hormones that promote growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism.
The hypothalamus secretes chemicals called releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of a specific anterior pituitary hormone by the adenohypophysis. Through negative feedback, the hypothalamus adjusts the secretions of the anterior
Hypothalamus is involved with emotions, thirst, hunger and is in charge of the nervous system. Hypothalamus adjusted temperatures in your body and tells the driver if they are hungry or thirsty.
Rathus (2012) further stated that the thalamus is involved in relaying information between the brainstem and the cortex. The thalamus also helps with attention, perception, timing, and movement. The hypothalamus is involved in the autonomic functions like sexual activity, body temperature, thirst, and hunger. It is also responsible for regulating the circadian rhythms, blood pressure and heart rate. Thirdly, the hypothalamus is associated with the production of the vital hormones in the body. It helps to regulate functions such as sleep, mood, sex drive, temperature and the releasing of other hormones. The midbrain is made of the tectum and tegmentum. The midbrain is responsible for motor movement, movement of the eye, auditory, and visual
The Hypothalamus is the central role in the body. The Hypothalamus is right above the brain stem and is responsible for regulating the homeostasis. The homeostasis is what controls your body temperature in spite of changes to your environment. Food is necessary for your body to
The Endocrine system is in charge of making sure your body works the way it should. It works by sending chemical messages through your body to make sure it works efficiently. The Endocrine system affects pretty much every cell and organ in your body. This system includes every single gland in your body that makes hormones. These glands include the pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, Pancreas, ovaries in females and testicles in males. These collection of glands produce and secrete (release) hormones directly into the blood stream. These hormones target specific cells in an organ, this is to control metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood. This is to help the body work the way it is suppose to. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment including temperature, water content, available energy, oxygen and the concentration of wastes ensures that the body
The thyroid regulates your metabolism, your appetite, muscle function, blood pressure, heart rate, among other things. And a way that it interacts with the pituitary is a good example of a negative feedback loop, a method of communication that's common all over the body and especially in the endocrine system. Basically, the pituitary is like the thyroid's thermostat. It can read how much thyroid hormone is in your blood stream and when its levels are low, it spits out a tiny bit of thyroid stimulating hormone, or TSH, which travels to the thyroid. The thyroid, in turn, secretes thyroid hormone, which boosts our metabolism, and that increase in metabolism tells the pituitary to stop sending out TSH. So the effect of the pituitary secretion is
Since the Hypothalamus is sensitive to the temperature of the surrounding blood begins a chemical reaction, triggering the sweat glands, allows the body release heat, thus cooling it back down to the preferred temp of 98 degrees. Regarding emotional stress, the Hypothalamus plays as vital role in acting on the pituitary gland. The athlete may lose sexual desire, appetite, and have hormone
The pituitary gland works in conjunction with the hypothalamus to regulate hormones throughout the body. It is separated into the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary, and is located in the brain under the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary is the larger of the two and secretes a number of hormones including: the thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, the follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and the growth hormone. The posterior pituitary gland is made of neural tissue. It stores hormones that are synthesized by the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary stores two hormones, the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. It releases hormones in pulses, which are controlled by the central nervous system and by negative