How Does Oxidative Stress Affect The Body

With all living organisms, a process known as cell respiration is integral in order to provide the body with an essential form of energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen, although an essential part of this process, can form reactants from colliding with electrons associated with carrier molecules. (pb101.rcsb.org, 2017). Hydrogen peroxide is an integral product of this reaction but is known to impose negative effects on the body if high levels are introduced. Explicitly, this reaction is caused “If oxygen runs into (one of these) carrier molecules, the electron may be accidentally transferred to it. This converts oxygen into dangerous compounds such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which can attack the delicate sulphur atoms and metal ions in proteins.” (pdbh101.rcb.org, 2017). Research has suggested that the hydrogen peroxide can be converted into hydroxyl radicals, known to mutate DNA, which can potentially cause bodily harm due to DNA’s role in the synthesis of proteins. These radicals can cause detrimental effects on the human body, and studies have suggested a link to ageing. Due to the harmful effects of these H2o2, it is important that the body finds a way to dispose of hydrogen peroxide before concentrations are too great.

The AAP is a potential trigger of cytochrome P450 that induced the high reactive quinone-imine production. This matches with sulphahydryl groups in proteins and result in rapid depletion to intracellular glutathione(35). Generally, one parts of the potential intracellular antioxidant defensive system is glutathione that consumes the singlet oxygen, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals(36). Enhancing of intracellular flux of oxygen free radicals results from glutathione depletion leads to oxidative stress in hepatocytes(36). The increasing the serum levels of GOT, GPT and ALP have been attributed to the structural integrity hepatic damage(37). In liver tissue, GOT and GPT are located in cytosol and mitochondria. In following of liver damage, hepatocyte transport function disturbed

Now here’s where it gets complicated, a majority of the free radicals currently swimming around in your body right now are created by your own metabolism, which means as harmful as they are, they are a completely unavoidable byproduct of life. Our bodies actually create free radicals just by breathing and digesting food. As we age, the creation of free radicals accelerates as the basic mechanics of our metabolism are themselves damaged by the free radicals they have created. Talk about a vicious cycle! And all of this free radical activity is what causes our bodies to age and become diseased.

Glutathione manages to act as a scavenger, neutralizing free radicals as they peruse the body. This counterbalance leads to the protection of our individual cells and thus our skin, eyes (lens, cornea, and retina), brain, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, intestines as well as other tissues and organs from oxidative damages to ensure a better functioning,

Under normal condition, ROS production in the brain is balanced by the endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidative mechanisms. The enzymes include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase. SOD catalyzes dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, providing the first line against ROS damage [46, 70]. GPX and catalase further metabolize hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen [71]. In the process, reduced glutathione (GSH) is oxidized to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and it can be recycled by the NADPH-dependent GSSG reductase [72]. Non-enzymatic endogenous anti-oxidative small molecules also play very important roles in defending against oxidative stress, especially in extracellular space that the enzymes are absent or in very low levels [73]. Small-molecule anti-oxidant can be water-soluble or lipid-soluble, these molecules include glutathione, vitamin E and C (inhibits

Studies have shown that hydroxyl radical is responsible for oxidative DNA damage. Hydroxyl radicals come from the reaction between ascorbate (vitamin C), uranyl acetate, and hydrogen peroxide as illustrated in scheme 1 . The mechanism of DNA damage begins when the reaction between uranyl acetate and ascorbate (vitamin C) makes plasmid relaxation in pBluescript DNA. pBluescript DNA is a phagemid which includes many advantageous sequences for utilizing cloning with bacteriophage. The rate of DNA strand breaks multiply when the reaction between ascorbate (vitamin C), and uranyl acetate increase. In addition, hydrogen peroxide is the end product when there is a reaction between uranyl ion and ascorbate. DNA damage can happen

Oxidative stress can be closely compared to “rusting” of mammal’s cells. Free radicals are unstable molecules that ravage or “oxidize” cells throughout the body in a process

Today, we are growing more aware of the negative effects illness and stress have on the human body. We are also becoming aware of the necessary steps needed to be healthy and accomplish a longer life span. With the ever-growing number of diseases around the human population, it is imperative that humans realize the importance of being healthy. People believe health is attained by just eating healthy foods, and exercising but that is not the case.

Excessively high levels of free radicals cause damage to vital cellular components such as proteins, membrane lipids, and nucleic acids, and finally lead to cell death (Maritim, Sanders & Watkins 2003).

In this journal entry it states “receiving experimental exposure of rotenone for 24h to study the oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death in human liver cells-HepG2, the result shows that there is a deficiency in cellular antioxidant defenses, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels”. (3) The specific aim of this research is to understand how enzyme work within our body and what causes them to become faulty, with the right knowledge and studies there might be a chance that one day enzyme can be transform into its original state which will help cure diseases such diabetes, Alzheimer, and other incurable

Antioxidants are molecules that find and destroy the free radicals floating in the bloodstream man. Free radicals are the main culprit for man is aging rapidly, destroying brain cells.

one) of ATP. This happens in the mitochondria of muscle cells; the increase of size and quantity will

Oxidation is the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized. This means being chemically combined with oxygen. You can also call this rottening. Oxidation is the process in which fruits, like apples, turn brown. Apples have apples cells. Inside an apple, there is a molecule named phenol. This molecule is the main reason why apples turn brown. Also there is an enzyme inside an apple cell named polyphenol oxidase. An enzyme accelerates, or catalyze, chemical reactions. So when an apple cell is damaged, it allows molecules of oxygen in the air, to react with phenols and polyphenol oxidase. The oxygen will combine with the polyphenol oxidase enzymes and turn phenol cells into a molecule of melanin. Melanin is a dark brown molecule. So when

Numerous scientific studies show that the people whose food intake is rich in antioxidants and who also take antioxidant supplements, have better chances to live longer, healthier and happier lives. Antioxidants are a family of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Thus, they might be beneficial in preventing diseases and contribute to the length and quality of human life. Hundreds of antioxidants are produced in the human body, but some necessary antioxidants must be obtained from the outer sources. But do they work separately in our bodies? Or antioxidants in our bodies can incorporate with each other in order to improve human lives. Some studies about antioxidants come up with a

In short, antioxidants do exactly what their name implies, i.e., they protect against oxidative stress and damaged caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) otherwise known as free radicals, but a foundational knowledge of these ROS is essential to understand the role of antioxidants in body dynamics. To begin we need to understand what free radicals are and where they come from. Concisely free radicals are highly reactive molecules with an unequal number of electrons that have the potential to create chain reactions to further "radicalized" other molecules (this is exactly how plastics are made) and cause cellular damage, for our discussion it is appropriate to focus solely on oxygen. Molecular oxygen (O2) accounts for approximately 20 percent of the air we