How Does Precipitation Affect Precipitation Patterns

Mangroves are woody trees and shrubs with a thick, exposed network of roots that grow down from the branches and into the water and sediment. All mangroves are found on the intertidal zones between ocean and the land. When the sediment accumulate little wave occurs, the saline depend on the frequency. Some of the indirect impacts are the sediment runoff and also including chemical runoff, global warming is one of main effects of the mangrove ecosystem. In Tannum there are various types of mangroves. Such as the river and grey mangroves located at south tree and wild cattle in both Tannum sands and Boyne Island along the Boyne River. Leaves are around 7cm long gland that secret salt, the

Human activities have also had a negative impact on the natural ecosystem of the Bola Creek Rainforest with popular activities like bushwalking, cycling, surfing, canoeing and swimming. There are also man made historical features and Aboriginal cultural sites within the landscape that have left a human footprint on this otherwise natural ecosystem. The vegetation was noted to be both heathland and temperate forest and the average climate of this ecosystem consists of a warm temperate average of 25°C and average annual rainfall of 100mm. The rainforest has a diverse topography with both natural and artificial physical features of the area and a gentle slight slope of the land, throughout the trail. The report to follow will demonstrate in further detail the findings of the Bola creek field study and the condition of the ecosystem within it.

Assalamualaikum and hye everyone. I’m sure that all of you know what is mangrove right? But can you give me the exact meaning of mangrove? When I’m first said mangrove, what does come to your mind? It is a wonderful creation which gives lots of benefits or is it a frightening surrounding which is full of biting insects, savage crocodile or unhealthy air and extremely difficult to transverse? Today, there are still lack of awareness and understanding about these mangroves ecosystem and those negative view about it is still persists. Most of people don’t even know actually the mangrove ecosystem play an important role for our ecosystem and even in our life. Without knowing the importance of it, they easily destroy the mangrove ecosystem to build the shrimp pond or what so ever. I strongly against this activities because I believe that we should save our mangroves ecosystem for our own benefits. There are three reasons that will support my statement why we should protect mangrove ecosystem. It acts as breeding and nursery grounds for variety of animals, protect the land from erosion and act as carbon

Nardoo riverbank in the Tanunda area is greatly damaged which could be due to lack of vegetation, dredging or soil erosion and agriculture or farming. The vegetation along the banks of Nardoo River plays an important role in filtering nutrients in the river. Many of the vegetation area on the river edge have been removed due to farming and dredging in this area.

In the wet season waterfalls drain into rocky pools, refilling rivers and streams that lead into the Gulf of Carpentaria. Pungalina is covered by a variety of eucalypt woodlands. Several of these communities are not found in any existing national parks. Pungalina therefore represents the last chance of the conservation of many Gulf ecosystems

Since the start of the Industrial Revolution (taken as the year 1750), the smoldering of fossil energizes and far reaching clearing of local woods has helped a 40% increment in the barometrical amassing of carbon dioxide, from

Mangroves are an integral part of the Australian ecosystem. They are valuable ecologically, economically and socially. Mangroves provide nurseries to an abundance of marine species which would die if the ecosystem was knocked out of balance. They also account for about 75% of commercially caught fish in Australia. Unfortunately mangroves are under constant threat from humans. Since European settlement in Australia, around 17% of Australia's mangroves have been destroyed. Three large threats to mangroves are coastal development, chemical runoff and climate change. These factors are all caused by humans, and can be easily stopped without much hassle.

The mangrove tree is, as I learned through the presentations, characterized by its large, deep, and complex root system. This tree is only found in dense groves and forms a barrier between the ocean and the mainland. The mangrove tree is not a stable foundation to build upon and spreads its offspring by dropping pre-germinated seeds which then proceed to travel for thousands of miles. This is different from what I knew

The aim of this experiment was to observe and analyse the changes in and the effect of abiotic/biotic factors in mangroves at Nudgee Beach along a transect line from high to low tide. During 1 day, several data were collected within transect line from high to low tide, at Nudgee Beach including: wind, soil temperature, humidity, soil pH, slope of the ground, canopy cover and leaf cover. Wind, humidity, and soil temperature were measured using a data logger while the pH level was determined by using a pH kit. The slope of ground was determined by using one metre ruler and a clinometer, whereas, the estimated canopy cover and litter were visually estimated. By analysing these abiotic and biotic factors, along the transect line, it was found that

With more time, reduced river flow downstream from an irrigation system’s source can impact ecosystems including wetlands, flood forests and mangroves, and even reduce the amount of water

Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on the interactions between the land surface and atmosphere through alterations and feedbacks in various coupled processes. Soil moisture is one aspect of the climate system that may be significantly impacted by increased temperatures, especially in areas where snowpack contributes largely to soil moisture and streamflow. In addition to rising temperatures and changes in the timing and amount of precipitation, local factors such as soil properties, vegetation, and topography influence soil moisture distribution and streamflow. This paper reviews various studies attempting to identify how the mentioned climatic and local factors may impact soil moisture, and demonstrates some of the complexities associated with adequately modeling the impacts of climate change on various spatial scales.

Climate change the ‘wicked problem’ is continuously imposing significant threat to the nature as whole according to the recent projections (IPCC 2013; Bondeau et al. 2013). This anticipated hazard is unavoidable to some extent though the source of the problem (‘green house gas’ emission) is barred right now (IPCC 2014a). Combination of mitigation (reducing or capturing GHG) and adaptation effort has been suggested both in the short and long term to achieve the complementary advantage (i.e. cost) and to reduce the risk (IPCC 2014a; 2014b).

Mangroves are trees and shrubs that can be found along coastal intertidal zones in tropical and subtropical areas near the equator due to their inability to survive in low temperatures. Mangroves are found not only in australia but on coastlines all over the world and are distributed over 100 countries in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Australia contains the third largest area of mangroves in the world after Indonesia and Brazil, totalling around 11,500 km2 representing approximately 6.4% of the world’s total mangrove area (Appendix A) (Mangrovewatch.com, 2017). There are 73 different types of mangrove species in the world. 39 of these mangrove species dwell in Australia. The intertidal zone or littoral zone, is the area that is exposed at low tide but is submerged by seawater during high tide. Mangroves survive in salt water on sheltered muddy shores, because they have adapted to the harsh abiotic conditions in order to survive in their area. Mangroves also provide a habitat for marine organisms such as fish, crabs and yabbies. Furthermore they provide a habitat for many land animals such as birds, pythons, lizards and crocodiles. How mangroves contribute to the functioning of intertidal ecosystems will be discussed on this report.

Mangroves are an essential part of the Tampa Bay Estuary as they help maintain the overall health of the state’s coastal zones. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the Tampa Bay was in its worst condition as a result of unregulated pollution into the Bay. Environmental regulations beginning in the 1970s with the Clean Water Act improved conditions in the bay but even today there persists a problem with pollution and the destruction of natural habitats (Water Resource Management and Environmental Assessment & Restoration, 2014). Today, the Tampa Bay has lost over 44% of its coastal wetlands acreage, including mangrove forests and salt marshes (Department of Environmental Protection, 2012). There is still decline as waterfront development and pollution threaten the abundance of this essential tree. If the mangroves disappear from the Tampa Bay estuary, the area will suffer adverse ecological and economic effects from the reduction of sea life. A reduction of mangrove trees can even increase damage caused by natural disasters (Sandilyan and Kathiresan, 2012).

This biome has been reduced to 7% of its original extent and the remaining forests are highly fragmented (Washington).More than 35% of the world’s mangroves are already gone. The figure is as high as