How Does Proton Pump Acid Affects The Body

Iron is a mineral found in the human body. It is a part of the protein hemoglobin of a cell, which transports oxygen from our lungs throughout our bodies.

Protein pump inhibitors are a group of treatments that work by reducing the amount of stomach acid made by parietal glands in the lining of the stomach. PPIs are used to relieve symptoms of acid reflux, peptic ulcers, and treat damage to the lower esophagus caused by acid reflux, caused by certain diseases like GERD and ZES. PPIs function by completely blocking the production of stomach acid for a certain amount of time. Currently used PPIs in clinical practice are omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole, and dexlansoprazole. These medication are taken by mouth in various tablets, thirty minutes before the first meal of the day. Some brands of PPIs can be obtained over the counter while others with a physician’s

The PPIs are inactive pro drugs that are carried in the bloodstream to the parietal cells in the gastric mucosa. The pro drugs readily cross the parietal cell membrane in the cytosol. These drugs are weak bases and therefore have a high affinity for acidic environments. They diffuse across the secretory membrane on the parietal cell into the extracellular secretory canaliculus, the site of active proton pump. Under this acidic conditions the prodrugs are converted to their active form, which irreversibily binds the proton pump, inhibiting acid secretions. Since the’ active principles ‘ forms at a low pH it concentrates selectively in the acidic enviorment of the proton pump and results in extremely effective inhibition of acid secretion.The different PPIs(Omeprazole,Esomeprazole,Lanzoprazole, Pantoprazole and Rabeprazole ) bind to different sites on the proton pump, which may explain their differences in potency on a milligram per milligram basis.

The mineral iron (Fe) is a crucial substance for the human body. Many parts of the body require iron in order for the body to function normally. For example, Iron plays an important role in red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body and are mainly composed of haemoglobin, a protein which binds to oxygen and transports it throughout the body. In this molecule, iron is the crucial component which binds to the oxygen. Therefore without iron, the human body cannot transport oxygen to cells throughout the body. Only specific amounts of iron are absorbed by the body to maintain homeostasis. However, iron is a very toxic mineral so if there is too much iron stored in the body, it can lead to serious consequences. People that suffer

Pharmacology is the study of the effects drugs have and how they exert them. Drugs can be administered enteral or parenteral. [1] Enteral refers to any form of administration that involves the alimentary tract. The four enteral routes of administration include the mouth, sublingual, buccal and rectal. Parenteral refers to routes of administration outside of or beside of the alimentary tract. The parenteral route includes intravascular (IV), Intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes of administration. The parenteral routes are used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or that are unstable in the GI tract. The parenteral routes are used in unconscious patients or when a fast response is needed as it provides the

(2)The author points out many ways in which iron impacts life. Identify/describe at least five. 1. Hemoglobin to carry oxygen 2. oceans "seeded" with iron can hold more oxygen producing organisms. 3. Parasites feed on human iron. 4. Cancer cells thrive on human iron 5. High levels of iron can counter-act the effects of antibiotics, by feeding the bacteria to the point that they can live despite the antibiotics

The stomach is an influential organ within the digestive system that converts the entered bolus into a semi-liquid paste like substance called chyme before it progresses further into the small intestine. This process is attained through the interplay of stomach muscles which churn the food and the mixture of gastric acid, mucus and digestive enzymes. There are numerous substances found in the stomach which contribute to the digestive process such as parietal cells that create hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, exocrine cells that produce mucus, chief cells and G cells. These substances aid in the chemical digestion process which represents the chemical alteration of larger molecules into its smaller subunits. Among the various substances,

• Some physicians administer gastric and duodenal ulcer prophylaxis in the form of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) if the patient has a history of gastrointestinal ulceration

As iron can cause toxicity in the body many mechanisms have developed to regulate the free iron in our systems. All cells within our bodies

Iron is complex. There are two major forms of iron that an individual can ingest: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is in the most easily absorbed form. It can be found in meat, fish, and poultry.

In the stomach the bolus is mixed with gastric juices, which are secreted upon seeing, smelling or tasting food. The hormone that stimulates the secretion of the gastric juice is called gastrin, and it also stimulates intestinal motility and it relaxes the ileocecal valve. . There is also other enzyme such as serotonin, which stimulates gastric motility, histamine, which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion, gut-brain peptides which control long and short-term appetite regulation as well as energy balance, and somatostatin which inhibits gastric secretion and motility, helps maintain the rate at which the stomach empties, signals the pancreas to release its juice, signals the secretion of bile and contraction of the gallbladder, and helps to reduce blood circulation and nutrient absorption in the small intestine . Once mixed with the gastric juices the bolus becomes a mixture called chyme. To create this mixture the stomach has to contract vigorously to mix the bolus with the gastric juices. In the stomach once chyme is formed it is no longer digested or broken down. The acid in the stomach, which is hydrochloric acid, is used to destroy bacteria; further breaking down food masses, the breakdown of proteins and some lipids, and it ultimately stops the digestion of carbohydrates because it stops the actions of the amylase in the saliva. This all occurs as the stomach is contracting to mix

. Iron is a component of certain proteins, essential for respiration and energy metabolism, and as a component of enzymes involved in the synthesis of collagen and some neurotransmitters. Iron also is needed for proper immune function. Symptoms of Defiency is shortness of breath, fatigue-tiredness, depression, hair

Introduction The acidity of a substance can be very beneficial in maintaining the wellbeing of everything surrounding it. As humans, our stomachs contain a strong acid known as hydrochloric acid (HCl), which helps us digest the foods we eat. This acid breaks down the all the food ingested and helps the body absorb the nutrients that are needed. The average pH of the stomach acid may fall below the pH of 3, which can cause unpleasantness in the stomach.

The function of HCL in our stomach is to break down foods and protect our body against illnesses. Hydrochloric Acid can be found in the gastric acid of the stomach.

Most of the heme iron comes from animal proteins such as meat, poultry, seafood and fish. When consuming meat, we are consuming hemoglobin and myoglobin contained in the flesh of the animal. About 40%-45% of the iron in meat is heme iron. Like the article says, heme iron is easily absorbed by the body.