Introduction: In this essay, we will be writing about the drug theophylline and its biochemical function at the level of the molecule, how it affects metabolism by inhibiting the functions of enzymes. The essay will similarly look at the uses and adverse effects of the drug in treating specific disease conditions, thereby explaining its effect on metabolism. Finally, we consider why theophylline is classified as an allosteric inhibitor.
Theophylline Drug as Natural and its Chemical Structure
The drug theophylline is used in the treatment of asthma, bronchospasm, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (WebMD, 2017). Theophylline belongs to a group of chemicals called xanthine which functions as central nervous system stimulants; act on the kidneys to produce diuresis, cardiac muscle stimulants and as
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What allosteric enzyme inhibitors do is that they act as modulators, attaching themselves to a molecule that will alter the binding site for the enzyme and make it unusable and as a result the enzyme becomes inactive. Theophylline inhibits the activity of the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which forms part of a group of enzymes that degrade the phosphodiester bond (DrugBank, n.d.).
Additionally, theophylline relaxes the pulmonary blood vessels and reduces the airway’s responsiveness to the drugs’ histamine, methacholine, adenosine, and allergen. Theophylline inhibits type III and type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE), the enzyme responsible for breaking down cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in smooth muscle cells, resulting in bronchodilation. Theophylline also binds to the adenosine A2B receptor and blocks adenosine mediated bronchoconstriction. According to the DrugBank (n.d.), in inflammatory conditions, theophylline activates histone deacetylase to prevent transcription of inflammatory genes that require the acetylation of histones for transcription to
When an asthmatic takes an inhaler “Albuterol sulfate”, the medication works by reducing the inflammation in the airway paths “bronchi and bronchioles” of the lungs, allowing the patient to breath without constriction or symptoms of asthma.
According to an journal publication on the benefits of Theophylline “It is now apparent that patients taking theophylline may enjoy clinically important benefits in terms of functional status and quality of life, beyond simple bronchodiolation, as a result of theophylline's impact
Theophylline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma, it has a low molecular weight of 180.2. It is slightly acidic, when in a saturated solution of water and has a pKa of 8.81.
Mr BT has a medical history of hypersensitivity to penicillin, this indicates that he has a penicillin allergy. Penicillin allergy happens when the immune system reacts to the drug as if it were a dangerous substance instead of a helpful remedy. The immune system activates certain cells to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to fight the component of penicillin to which the patient is allergic too. Chemicals release by the immune cells can cause the signs and symptoms related with an allergic reaction. Penicillin is a simple structure and of low molecular weight. It has been identified that low molecular weight substances are able to illicit immune responses are called haptens. Alone, haptens cannot cause an immune response it must bind to innate proteins in the plasma and cell surfaces to form hapten-carrier complexes. Most haptens are the breakdown products which are isomers of penicillin (Neal & Michael, 2012). The beta-lactam ring is unsteady and when it binds to a protein it acylates lysine residues bring about in a penicilloyl epitope known as benzylpenicilloyl .These hapten-carrier complexes are recognized as antigen by IgE on mast cells and basophiles (Neal & Michael, 2012).
These drugs were utilized in order to demonstrate the positive and negative effects on cell communication. Cell communication consists of three steps: reception, transduction, and response. Reception involves the binding of a ligand and a receptor; transduction is a “cascade” of actions between molecules and their proteins, and response is the change that occurs afterwards (1).
β receptor agonists are used in the treatment of asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) to relax the muscles in the air passages in the lungs. Salbutamol is a selective β2 adrenergic agonist, although this selectivity is relative and dose-dependent. This means that the selectivity is lost at high concentration and thus causing side-effects.
Hale’s arrival during Act I in Salem describes him as character full of confidence and eager to utilize his knowledge of witchcraft. Hale enters “loaded down with half a dozen heavy books”(Miller 36) and because he is carrying all these heavy books he projects an air of great knowledge and confidence. The other characters in novel greets Hale with respect and treats him as a character in high position as a respected minister. His cofidence on the subject of evil provides a sense of stability for the community of Salem. However, Hale’s own desire to discover witchcraft allows others to manipulate him easily and does not realise that he is being deceived.
Beta2 agonists act directly on bronchial smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation. They are the most widely used bronchodilators for COPD. Short-acting beta2 agonists are the most commonly used short-acting bronchodilators in COPD.
b) Janine made this statement: “… if your brain doesn’t get carbs—well, glucose, anyway—you get
Theophylline is one example of xanthine that is usually used to treat bronchial asthma through relaxing the airways. However, this drug may cause severe adverse effects because of its level in the blood. Thus, it is important to teach patient about the use of theophylline. Teach a patient that theophylline can help him to breath easier, decrease wheeze and short of breath if taken exactly as prescribed. The nurse should also tell the patient take the drug of an empty stomach with a full 8-ounc glass of water. If patient has a severe GI problem such as GI upset, nausea, vomiting, heartburn when taking the drug on an empty stomach, the patient may take the drug with food. The patient should swallow all the enteric-coated or time-release capsules. Educating the patient about other common effect of the drug includes restlessness, nervousness, and difficulty in sleeping because of the need of the body to adjust to the usage of this drug. The patient should not take any other stimulant in order to reduce the effect of theophylline on CNS. The nurse should tell the patient that a headache will go away as the patient get used to the drug. However, the patient should notify his physician if the headache is getting worse. The patient should also report any vomiting, severe abdominal pain, tachycardia, confusion, unusual tiredness, muscle twitching, rash, or hives to the physician. There are many drug and food interaction, thus the patient should consult with the doctor about his diet while using theophylline. Additionally, the patient should consult his smoking habit and the use of any over-the-counter medication with the physician. Lastly, the patient should always tell any health care provider in his care about the use of theophylline and to keep the medication in a safe place (Karch, 2013, p.
The ad claims that Zyladex plus promotes weight loss. The ad states that " As much as 4 inches and 50% of all excess fat gone in just 14 days!" This ad expresses the fast and efficient weight loss in a little amount of time. So many americans have problems with their weight. They try many methods to getting their bodies as fit as possible. People would do anything to lose weight and this ad lures many desperate consumers into buying their product.
A type of bronchodilator, aminophylline is a type of muscle relaxation medicine that helps lungs and chest circulate oxygen better. It is used to treat and prevent wheezing, restricted breathing and shortness of breath. The medicine is usually prescribed to those with bronchitis, asthma and lung diseases. As this medication requires a prescription, it is very important for a user to follow the instructions prescribed and take only at the times and the amount prescribed by his or her physician. Aminophylline can be in the form of liquid syrup, a pill or a cream. How this drug works is by making the lungs less sensitive to any allergens or foreign substances that may be inhaled, thus causing the muscles to relax in the chest and lungs and opening up the air passages so that breathing can be easier. It also increases the contractions in the diaphragm which aids better breathing patterns.
Non-competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme away from the active site but change the tertiary stricture of the protein and so the shape of the active sit. This means that the
In the Public Field, we are constantly applying theories in order to better understand how the public works and to better assist the communities in different aspects of health. According to Glanz, Rimer, and Viswanath (2008), theories in which focus on beliefs and actions of individuals are the first theories of health behavior that are still being practiced around the world today. The individual theories either known as intrapersonal theories that are still being used today are the following: Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Transtheoretical Model (TTM), and the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008). Each one of these individual theories can be applied to different scenarios
The movie's opening scene gives allusions to Dante's own life and his brief courtship with Beatrice. Chris (Robin Williams) begins, "When I was young, I met this beautiful girl on a lake," just as Dante had met Beatrice when he was young. This lake just happens to be on the boarder of Switzerland and Italy, Dante's native country. Anna, Chris' love, finds him sitting on a hillside overlooking that lake, and that scene will become a major focus for the rest of the movie. They believe that they are soul mates, and unlike Dante and Beatrice, Chris and Anna marry and have two children.