How Does Theophylline Affect Metabolism?

β receptor agonists are used in the treatment of asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) to relax the muscles in the air passages in the lungs. Salbutamol is a selective β2 adrenergic agonist, although this selectivity is relative and dose-dependent. This means that the selectivity is lost at high concentration and thus causing side-effects.

Inhibitors - As mentioned earlier, enzymes have an active site specific to the substrate molecules. However, it is possible for other molecules similar to enzyme's substrate to bind with the enzyme's active site and therefore, inhibit the enzyme's task.

When an asthmatic takes an inhaler “Albuterol sulfate”, the medication works by reducing the inflammation in the airway paths “bronchi and bronchioles” of the lungs, allowing the patient to breath without constriction or symptoms of asthma.

Theophylline is one example of xanthine that is usually used to treat bronchial asthma through relaxing the airways. However, this drug may cause severe adverse effects because of its level in the blood. Thus, it is important to teach patient about the use of theophylline. Teach a patient that theophylline can help him to breath easier, decrease wheeze and short of breath if taken exactly as prescribed. The nurse should also tell the patient take the drug of an empty stomach with a full 8-ounc glass of water. If patient has a severe GI problem such as GI upset, nausea, vomiting, heartburn when taking the drug on an empty stomach, the patient may take the drug with food. The patient should swallow all the enteric-coated or time-release capsules. Educating the patient about other common effect of the drug includes restlessness, nervousness, and difficulty in sleeping because of the need of the body to adjust to the usage of this drug. The patient should not take any other stimulant in order to reduce the effect of theophylline on CNS. The nurse should tell the patient that a headache will go away as the patient get used to the drug. However, the patient should notify his physician if the headache is getting worse. The patient should also report any vomiting, severe abdominal pain, tachycardia, confusion, unusual tiredness, muscle twitching, rash, or hives to the physician. There are many drug and food interaction, thus the patient should consult with the doctor about his diet while using theophylline. Additionally, the patient should consult his smoking habit and the use of any over-the-counter medication with the physician. Lastly, the patient should always tell any health care provider in his care about the use of theophylline and to keep the medication in a safe place (Karch, 2013, p.

These drugs were utilized in order to demonstrate the positive and negative effects on cell communication. Cell communication consists of three steps: reception, transduction, and response. Reception involves the binding of a ligand and a receptor; transduction is a “cascade” of actions between molecules and their proteins, and response is the change that occurs afterwards (1).

b) Janine made this statement: “… if your brain doesn’t get carbs—well, glucose, anyway—you get

Theophylline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma, it has a low molecular weight of 180.2. It is slightly acidic, when in a saturated solution of water and has a pKa of 8.81.

Non-competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme away from the active site but change the tertiary stricture of the protein and so the shape of the active sit. This means that the

Mr BT has a medical history of hypersensitivity to penicillin, this indicates that he has a penicillin allergy. Penicillin allergy happens when the immune system reacts to the drug as if it were a dangerous substance instead of a helpful remedy. The immune system activates certain cells to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to fight the component of penicillin to which the patient is allergic too. Chemicals release by the immune cells can cause the signs and symptoms related with an allergic reaction. Penicillin is a simple structure and of low molecular weight. It has been identified that low molecular weight substances are able to illicit immune responses are called haptens. Alone, haptens cannot cause an immune response it must bind to innate proteins in the plasma and cell surfaces to form hapten-carrier complexes. Most haptens are the breakdown products which are isomers of penicillin (Neal & Michael, 2012). The beta-lactam ring is unsteady and when it binds to a protein it acylates lysine residues bring about in a penicilloyl epitope known as benzylpenicilloyl .These hapten-carrier complexes are recognized as antigen by IgE on mast cells and basophiles (Neal & Michael, 2012).

A type of bronchodilator, aminophylline is a type of muscle relaxation medicine that helps lungs and chest circulate oxygen better. It is used to treat and prevent wheezing, restricted breathing and shortness of breath. The medicine is usually prescribed to those with bronchitis, asthma and lung diseases. As this medication requires a prescription, it is very important for a user to follow the instructions prescribed and take only at the times and the amount prescribed by his or her physician. Aminophylline can be in the form of liquid syrup, a pill or a cream. How this drug works is by making the lungs less sensitive to any allergens or foreign substances that may be inhaled, thus causing the muscles to relax in the chest and lungs and opening up the air passages so that breathing can be easier. It also increases the contractions in the diaphragm which aids better breathing patterns.

Particular caution needs to be taken with the use of theophylline in older people because of differences in pharmacokinetics, the increased likelihood of comorbidities and the use of other medications.

Stevens, the dose should not be more than 2mg up to 4 times a day. This dose may be slowly increased, up to 32mg per day. The purpose of Albuterol is to dilate the bronchioles and prevent airway obstruction caused by the COPD. Due to its adrenergic properties, common side effects include nervousness, restlessness, tremor, headache, chest pain, and palpitations. Excessive use of inhalers could result in paradoxical bronchospasm. Albuterol binds to adrenergic receptors which lead to increased levels of cAMP. Kinases are activated by cAMP, inhibit the phosphorylation of myosin, and decrease intracellular calcium; intracellular calcium relaxes the smooth muscle airways. The nurse should assess the lung sounds, pulse and blood pressure before administering albuterol, and should be aware that nebulized forms of the medication may result in temporary low levels of potassium. Pulmonary function tests should be monitored prior to and during treatment. Mr. Stevens should prime the unit with four sprays before using, and should contact his primary care physician if shortness of breath is not relieved, or it is joined by diaphoresis, palpitations, dizziness, or chest pain. Mr. Stevens should also discard his canister after 200 sprays (Vallerand, 116).

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Levalbuterol stimulates beta2 -adrenergic receptor on the surface of airway smooth muscles leading to the activation of adenylate cyclase and increasing cyclic-3’, 5’-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The increase in cyclic AMP resulting bronchodilation. Because beta2 -adrenergic receptors are also located outside of the lungs; especially in the human heart, levalbuterol can produce cardiovascular effect such as increasing in heart rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure.

Drugs rule the world, or so it appears. Many are approved for specific biological problems, as in the prevention of myocardial infarctions (heart attacks), blood clots due to trauma, surgery, stroke, etc. Conversely, others are recreational, generating instant highs or mellow lows. This essay will discuss one particular drug, chemical structure, cellular mechanism, type of inhibitor, and effects on metabolism.