How Dysmenorrhea Is Treated?

INTRODUCTIONThis is a case study concerning a patient presenting with low abdominal pain, frequent micturation and dysuria. I will discuss the consultation and show how I used the problem solving consultation style detailed by Alison Crumbie. This involves listening to the patients' initial complaint and developing hypothetical diagnosis. Focused questioning and clinical examination and investigations will then be used to eliminate some of the initial hypotheses. The patients' perspective of their problem will be addressed and the synthesis of gathered information will enable the practitioner to arrive at a differential diagnosis and to agree on a treatment plan with the patient so that they can manage their problem.

“Oh, this is awful,” Jenny muttered to herself. She was sitting on the toilet with a pair of very wet panties and slacks around her ankles. Jenny never knew when it would hit―this need to urinate quickly. She would find herself running to the bathroom like a woman possessed and then usually not making it in time. “It also seems like I’m peeing all the time,” she said. “This is getting old really fast,” she thought, as she continued trying to squeeze the urine out of her panties using quantities of toilet paper.

Dhat syndrome is a condition found in the cultures of the Indian subcontinent in which male patients’ report that they suffer from premature ejaculation or impotence, and believe that they are passing semen in their urine. Although there are reports that Native American women can suffer from Dhat as well. The symptoms for Dhat are as listed: fatigue, weakness, anxiety, loss of appetite, guilt, and sexual dysfunction, attributed by the patient to loss of semen in nocturnal emission, through urine or masturbation. The is syndrome is also known in the Chinese and Sri Lankans

Another main active ingredeint within Breast's active step 1 supplement package, is Dong Quai. Dong Quai has been utilzie in tradional Chinese medicne for oveer 3000 years, as an effective tonic, for women who have low vitality, pelvic pain and fatigue. While it may be true that the medical community, did not have succfeicnt evidence to back this claims, back in the early 60-70s, modern reserachc from the 2000s have demonstarted that the cellss wiithin the body, respond to Dong Quai, simalry to how it reacts to

Alternatively, endometriosis may affect fertility through the production of hormones and other substances that have a negative effect on ovulation, fertilization of the egg, and/or implantation of the embryo (Stoppler, 2011). The severity of your pain isn't necessarily a reliable indicator of the extent of the condition. Some women with mild endometriosis have extensive pain, while others with advanced endometriosis may have little pain or even no pain at all (Staff, 2010). Endometriosis is sometimes mistaken for other conditions that can cause pelvic pain, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or ovarian cysts. It may be confused with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a condition that causes bouts of diarrhea, constipation and abdominal cramping. IBS can accompany endometriosis, which can complicate the diagnosis (Staff, 2010).

The next patient was a first intake with acne and abdominal cramps before the menses. The patient further complained irritability and breast tenderness before menses an. She further added, complaining about pain in her abdomen and inner thigh area during the first few

UI is mainly related with older people, affecting more elderly females than males with a ratio of 2:1 (Miller & Miller, 2011). Study done by Vaughan, Goode, Burgio and Markland (2011) discovered 30 to 60 percent of women and 10-35 percent of men who are more than 65 years of age suffered from UI. Another study revealed that percentage of UI in young women is 12.8 percent in one year as compared to 46 percent between ages of 50-60 in last one month who either experienced stress or urge incontinence (Botlero, Urquhart, Davis & Bell, 2008). Scemons (2013) found that nearly 43-77 percent of people living in nursing homes and community, affected by UI. It can also occurred in infants and postpartum in women. Figure 1 shows normal structure of

Between the ages of 20-40 women are at their height of physical capabilities: their muscles are strong, their nervous systems are capable, and their urinary tract allows them the choice of whether or not to urinate (unknown, 2013). Over the course of a woman’s life she has children, ages, and finally reaches menopause. The average age when a woman becomes menopausal is 51 (unknown, 2013). Several changes happen to a woman’s body during menopause including poorer bladder and urinary control. For those women who have avoided doing Kegel exercises, are overweight, and have poor dietary and lifestyle habits, the risk for incontinence is greater (Bardsley, 2012). As time goes on incontinence may occur with more frequency and is less controllable. Embarrassment prevents most women from seeking treatment. It is estimated that 42 % of women wait approximately 15 years before seeking help (Bardsley, 2012). Becoming knowledgeable and aware of urinary changes is the first step in managing the embarrassing symptoms of urinary incontinence.

It is estimated that between 30 and 40 percent of all women experience some form of stress incontinence and/or female sexual dysfunction. Incontinence is the involuntary excretion of bladder contents, which often surfaces after childbirth, as the process of giving birth can weaken the tissues around the bladder. Female sexual dysfunction can appear at any age and often presents itself as a lack of sexual pleasure or even pain during intercourse. Unfortunately, in the past, the treatments for these conditions have been unsatisfactory, expensive and with potential side effects.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) affects many women, often causing irregular and painful menstrual periods. PCOS is a very common hormonal disorder in women and results when the ovaries develop small cysts and fail to release egg cells. The condition is named for the appearance of the ovaries in women with the condition- the ovaries become enlarged and develop many small cysts along the outer edges of the ovaries.

Assessment is multidimensional. It includes health history, targeted physical examination, urinalysis, and determination of post void residual urine. More extensive examinations are considered after the initial findings are assessed. A thorough health history should focus on the medical, neurological, and genitourinary history; functional assessment; cognitive assessment; psychosocial effects; medication review of both prescribed and over the counter drugs; a detailed exploration of the symptoms of UI, and associated symptoms, and other factors. In care facilities, an environmental assessment including the accessibility of bathroom, room lighting, and the use of aids such as raised toilet seats or commodes is also important (Schilling, 2008).

The female menstrual cycle is considered one of the first mental disorders attributable to women. According to Cecilia Tasca, "Over four thousand years of history, this disease was considered from two perspectives: scientific and demonological." (Tasca) Nowadays our views have changed, but it is interesting to see how they thought female menstrual cycle was a disease and demon like. One of the first scenes in the movie Carrie by Brian De Palma shows the main character Carrie starting her menstrual cycle in the shower.

the focus was on the orgasmic phase, with such problems as Vaginismus, Dyspareunia and Anorgasmia,

It exists to do more than superficially correct the intimate region and focuses largely on the promotion of comfort and the increasing of sexual pleasure that may have been previously hindered by some physical irregularity. Urinary incontinence, discomfort due to an enlarged labia, lack of sensation, looseness post-birth and pain during menstrual periods and sexual intercourse are a handful of the issues that can occur as a result of these irregularities.

Some of these are because of the depression and anxiety that women have to go through with the start of their puberty stage (Russo, 2008). Women experience symptoms of psychological discomfort at the time of hormonal change in their body such as prenatal depression. The pregnancy changes the hormones that affect the chemical level in the women’s brain which directly related to depression and anxiety (Russo, 2008). The symptoms can be persistent sadness, difficulty concentration, sleeping too less or too much, change in eating habits and many others. These can be dangerous for both mother and baby (Russo, 2008). The another one is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) which is considered to be the severe form of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Both of these occur most commonly in the days proceeding the second half of women’s menstrual cycle (Russo, 2008). The symptoms of these disorders could be bloating headaches, joint pains, fatigue, panic attacks, irritability, trouble sleeping and many others (Russo, 2008). According to the American college of Obstetricians and gynaecologist estimates that at least 85 percent of menstruating women have at least one PMS symptom as a part of their monthly cycle (Russo, 2008). According to WHO “depressive disorders account for close to 41.9 percent of the disability from neuropsychiatric disorders among compared to 29.3 percent of among men”