How Has Policy for Social Rented Housing Developed Since 1979?

The last quarter of a century has seen a significant change in Dundee’s housing tenure. In 1981, less than 40% of dwelling stock was owner occupied. By 2010, this had risen to 61%. Although there has been a similar pattern of change across much of Europe, the change has been particularly dramatic in Dundee, and indeed Scotland. Mirroring changes in cultural attitudes toward home ownership, two structural factors have contributed to this shift. The introduction of the right to buy for public authority tenants in 1979 coupled with the decline of local authority new build, and the increased contribution of private sector house building.

The 1950’s conservative family era still maintained the patriarchic view that men control the power and women subordinate and where under the control of societies view. The feminist movement of the 1960’s bought about the biggest change with both homelessness and social awareness. Women of the 1960’s and 70’s now were demanding equality education, freedom of abuse and the right to earn their own money(Schindeler, 2010). The new face of homelessness became that of women and children escaping domestic violence and the family home due to the empowerment of feminism (Lwin 2011, unpub.). The Labor Government was elected in 1972 and Gough Whitlam’s Government drew on the International Agreement Programs on Human Rights to model a new Australia Social policy (Lwin 2011, unpub.). With the outcry of society the Australian Government in 1973 introduced the Supporting Mothers Benefits (Australian Bureau of Statics [ABS] 2009) to help remove mothers and children from the streets and gives them support to find a permanent residence. Margaret Whitlam was a well known social worker who had a passionate interest in social conditions, (Australian Government National Archives of Australia 2014) oversaw the establishment of the first government funded women’s shelter.This shelter was followed by Non government organisations establishing more shelters for youth and women (Homelessness Australia 2012). The Homeless Person Assist Act of 1974 was introduced

Different attitudes to social welfare reforms from the 19th century onwards depended on what lifestyle a person was living in. If a person was wealthy, they enjoyed an easy life. However, on the other hand, if the person was poor then that would make their life harder and difficult to live. Any able-bodied poor person able to work did not receive help from the authorities. They only entered the workhouse because they were desperate. People within the workhouses lived in terrible conditions, overcrowded, poor hygiene. Another name given to the workhouse was ‘’the slums’’ (Tom, 2016). Strict rules were put into place. If rules were broken severe punishment would follow. Inmates of the workhouse were treated harshly. They all worked long hours

In 1934, Congress created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to assist citizens with their housing needs. According to “Department of Housing and Urban Development” on Allgov.com, “In July 1947, the Housing and Home Finance Agency was established to help people buy homes following World War II. Two years later, the Housing Act of 1949 was enacted to help eradicate slums and promote redevelopment in urban areas.” The Department of Housing and Urban Development Act began with the Housing Act of 1949. According to The Department of Housing and Urban Development written by John B. Willmann, “The Act of 1949 added new prestige to the Housing and Home Finance Agency by authorizing broader public housing activity.” The Housing Act of 1949 also promoted urban redevelopment and research on housing and development problems.

The Public Policy Institute states that Section 8 project-based rental assistance contracts involving HUD and for-profit owners contracting private multifamily housing, which is made available by HUD to low-income households who qualify for housing assistance. The subsidy is such that pays the difference "between 30 percent of the household's income and the contract rent; the subsidy is paid by HUD to the landlord." (AARP Public Policy Institute, 2002) In addition, HUD has Dispersal programs for renters of Section 8 housing due to the desire of the public to avoid to concentration of poverty-level residents in urban areas. This is because there is a general consensus that Section 8 subsidized housing tends to drive down the market prices of property in the same area. There are various challenges that are faced by the Section 8 subsidized housing program as it assists low-income households obtain appropriate housing through the provision of rental assistance.

Welfare is the “statutory procedure or social effort designed to promote the basic physical and material well- being of people in need. And with policies such as affordable housing and snap, welfare is providing homes and food for people in need. The Welfare program changed after the “The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996”, a policy that replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 were passed by President Bill Clinton. The new policies that has formed since “The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996”, such as Affordable housing and snap have shaped the country and politics in a way of war. The Republic and Democratic Party are always debating over the use of welfare. The Republic Party believes the Affordable Housing and SNAP programs are causing the country money and the programs need to be ended. Where the Democratic Party believe the programs save the country money as well as helping the

All welfare states provide direct state assistance to the poor in cash e.g., social assistance and in kind such as housing and social services. " Welfare States embrace government activity in the field of poverty relief, education, individual retirement, housing, and health care"(SEE BIBL. Barr & Whynes 1993). Also, the welfare state created in 1942 Beveridge Report spelled out a system of social insurance, covering every citizen regardless of income. Lastly, the welfare state has achieved its goals of the country by providing services in the field of education, that by provide schools and libraries. Then, in the field if health, by provide hospitals and medical staff that help patients and present the awareness of health care. Finally, housing, the provision of services concerning housing and living which is suitable for all

Throughout the 1800`s welfare history continued when there were attempts to reform how the government do business with the poor and extreme need. Some changes tried to help the poor move to work rather than continuing to need assistance. Social casework, consisting of caseworkers visiting the poor and training them in standards and a work ethic was supported by reformers in the 1880s and 1890s. Prior to the Great Depression, the U.S. Congress supported various programs to assist the poor. When the Great Depression hit, many families suffered. It was supposed that one-fourth of the labor force was unemployed during the worst part of the depression. With many families suffering financial difficulties, the government stepped in to solve the problem and that is where the history of welfare as we know it really began. Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Social Security Act was accomplish in 1935. The act, which was amended in 1939, established a number of programs designed to provide benefits to various sections of the population Unemployment benefits and originally Aid Dependent Children are two programs that still exist

The welfare state in Britain began when the Labour Party come into power in 1945. Their aim was to introduce a organised system that would begin to tackle the existing poverty situation that was based on the Poor Law Acts. The government recognised and acknowledged the need for these changes and reducing the inequalities that existed via the social classes and counties. These differences included the levels of unemployment, availability to public health services and workers that were covered by occupational insurance. Servant William Beveridge shaped the principles and development of the welfare state. Adam Smith argued and rebelled against the welfare state principles under the conservative government. Smith argued that individuals control

Although the housing problem is a private problem for an each household, it simultaneously is important political issue for the government if a number of households which are need of improving the housing conditions is large on a country scale. Housing is one with most important conditions for human existence (Jiboye, 2011). Owing to certain circumstances, large segments of the society which cannot resolve their housing problems are present almost in all countries. According to estimates, the significant part of world's population (32%) lives in slums and is demanding improved housing conditions (Arnott, 2008). There are three inequalities which must be considered in housing policy: inequalities of income during life-span (for example in younger and older age), inequalities of opportunities to receive the housing due to social stratification in industrial society (less skill people have lower income and less opportunity to receive a mortgage), inequalities which caused by geographical factor (this factor produces many differences in living conditions in the different regions of the country) (Donnison, 1976).

Given the case example, a 35-year old Indigenous man came into the Housing Help Centre, due to the fact that he is at risk of being homeless because his landlord is evicting him supposedly to allow the landlord’s son to move in. While the real reason the landlord is evicting the man is to renovate the building so he can increase the rent. The types of systematic oppression he would experience with his landlord would be based highly on racism and racist perceptions due to the historical injustices, and negative stereotypes regarding Indigenous persons. Since these perceptions are internalized within the government, policies, media, and education, has engrained negative attitudes; in which lead Indigenous persons to become more susceptible to

Anyone born before the welfare state came into existence will bring particular prejudices to all discussions of it today. One of my most vivid childhood memories is of my younger brother being dangerously ill and our mother having to borrow the money for the prescription that saved his life from a neighbour. I am, therefore, prejudiced in the welfare state’s favour. Add my gratitude for a state-funded education, mental and dental care for most of my life, the receipt of child benefit for a decade and, these days, a free TV licence, bus pass and a winter fuel allowance and I cannot possibly be objective even when I give the state a third of my income to help pay for it. Younger friends think my unquestioning attitude is barmy. They didn’t see

This brings us to the concept of the welfare state, which according to Kwon (2014) is understood as a set of public policies, standards, and institutions which all aim to provide social protection to its citizens in order to achieve a state of wellness. There have been several discussions related to welfare state, wherein debates have sprung all over the United Kingdom questioning whose welfare really the different policies promote, even highlighting that it is more of a political exercise of those who are interested in power rather than satisfying and meeting the welfare of the people themselves (Hudson, 2013).

The key features of the welfare state are very linked to the 1942 report on Social Insurance and Allied Services or also known as the Beveridge Report. The key features I have identified of the classic welfare state is the National Health Service (NHS), Social insurance, Housing, Education and Full employment. Asa Briggs a British historian defined the welfare state as a state which “...organised power is deliberately used in order to play of the market in 3 direction; by guaranteeing an individuals a minimum income, narrowing extent of insecurity by enabling people to meet certain ‘social contingencies’ which lead to family or individual crisis and thirdly by ensuring that all citizens without distinction of status or class are offered the best standards available to a certain agreed range of social services’. Kauffman and DeSwaan also

Welfare State is a government concept that describes the role of the state in promoting and protecting the economic as well as every citizen's social well-being. In Marcus Danver’s map 2013, “Classic Welfare State” is linked to several key features which include Education, Housing, Health Care, Social Security, Personal Social Services, Full employment, and Churchill's Response to the New Dear. The theory behind the welfare states key features encompass the equality in providing opportunity, wealth, and other social services that will enhanced the social living of every citizen living in a state.