How Might Classical Conditioning Help You Understand Some Students Emotional Response To Instructional Events?

We use the term classical conditioning to describe one type of associative learning in which there is no contingency between response and reinforcer. This situation resembles most closely the experiment from Pavlov in the 1920s, where he trained his dogs to associate a bell ring with a food-reward (Ryle 1995). In such experiments, the subject initially shows weak or no response to a conditioned stimulus (CS, e.g. the bell), but a measurable unconditioned response (UCR, e.g. saliva production) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS, e.g. food). In the course of the training, the CS is repeatedly presented together with the UCS; eventually the subject forms an association between the US and the CS. In a subsequent test-phase, the subject will

Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning which occurs when two stimuli are paired together repetitively and therefore become associated with each other eventually producing the same response. Classical conditioning was developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov to account for associations between neutral stimuli and reflexive behavior such as salivation. Pavlov (1927) accidently discovered that dogs began to salivate before they had tasted their food. To support his theory, he carried out experiments using dogs which involved measuring the amount of saliva they produced. In his experiments, food started off as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which produced salivation, an unconditioned response (UCR). They are both unconditioned as they occur naturally without being learned. The dogs were presented with a bell (NS), this provided no salivation. The bell and food were presented together and after many trails an

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus. (Hoeksema et al, 2009, P.239) Classical conditioning involves reflex behaviour. A simple reflex is an involuntary response that is brought on by a specific stimulus. (Bootzin et al, 1983, P.178) In this essay we will discuss and explore classical conditioning learning theory. In doing so we will focus on a number of experiments specifically Pavlov’s dogs, Little Albert and The Skinner Box. Following on from this the author will compare and contrast classical conditioning to operant conditioning. This essay will conclude by aiming to demonstrate how this type of learning is

Behaviorist Ivan Pavlov introduced the ideas of classical and operant conditioning as ways that humans and other species learn. Classical conditioning promotes the idea that a positive or

Classical conditioning is a form of basic learning the body automatically responds to a stimulus. One stimulus takes on the properties of another. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) is credited for discovering the basic principles of classical conditioning whilst he was studying digestion in dogs. He developed a technique for collecting dog’s salivary secretions. Pavlov (cited in Eysneck M.W 2009) noticed that the dogs would often start salivating before they were given any food or saw the feeding bucket or even when they heard the footstep of the laboratory assistant coming to feed them. Quite by accident Pavlov had discovered that the environmental control of behaviour can be changed as a result

The study of Educational Psychology pairs the science of psychology to educational practices and provides teachers with evidence-based knowledge to support their day-to-day decision making in the classroom (PowerPoint, Mullin). Therefore, it is no surprise that many educational psychologists focus their research and understanding on learning theories about how the human brain processes and stores new information. Learning incorporates 3 critical components; permanent, change, and experience. When written in a sentence together, learning is any relatively permanent change in an organism that results from experience (PowerPoint, Mullin). One domain of learning theories named

Although classical conditioning is something that most people experience in a daily basis, it may also be the first thing someone remembers in a day. According to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009) classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. In this paper the subject is to describe the theory of classical conditioning as well as describing a scenario in which one could apply classical conditioning theory to, and bring forth the scenario by showing illustrations of how this could be used

In everyday life certain behaviors that individuals engage in, seem to happen without any effort. This is due to the brain conditioning itself to react in a certain way when in the presence of a specific stimulus. One of the biggest contributors to the study of Classical conditioning was Dr. Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov took a group of dogs and began introducing them to a stimulus, in the form of a bell, before he fed them. With the repetition of the bell each time food was given, the dogs linked the bell to the delivery of food. He then, after a length of time, rang the bell and saw that even without food present the dogs began to salivate thus showing they had associated the bell with food. The everyday example of the smell of freshly baked cookies

As mentioned before, Ivan Pavlov founded classical conditioning. What is interesting is he founded this type of learning by accident while experimenting with a dog and how the body goes through digestion. During his experiment on the dog, he noticed something unusual that triggered the dog causing it to salivate. A natural behavior humans and animals possess is salivating when food is seen, but the dog did not only salivate at the sight of food, it also salivated at the sight and sound of the things that are associated with the food, such as the food

Classical conditioning, also called respondent conditioning, involves the use of unconditioned stimuli (UCS), conditioned stimuli (CS) and/or neutral stimuli (NS) to achieve unconditioned responses (UCR) and conditioned responses (CR). One of the most famous cases of this was made by a Russian scientist named Ivan Pavlov. During Pavlov’s study of digestive processes in animals, for example, he noticed the dogs in his experiment would salivate when his lab assistants entered the room, whether or not they had food (Burch and Bailey, 1999). In this scenario, the lab assistant was originally a NC (neutral due to producing no response prior to food pairing), the food was the UCS and the salivation was the UCR. By associating the lab assistant (NS) with the food (UCS), the lab assistant became a CS to the dog and the salivating became a CR.

He first started his research on the dog’s digestion but he then started to notice that when the dog’s mouth started watering whenever they were presented with food. This could be considered a UCS because it’s a natural response to food. He also noticed that the dog’s mouth would water when someone with a lab coat walked in the room. Pavlov later discovered that this is due to classical conditioning. This is considered a conditioned response (CR). The dogs had to learn to associate the food with the people giving them the food. He then decided to start studying the conditioned response to the people in lab coats and the dogs drooling. Pavlov decided to start fresh. He introduced a bell to the dogs. At first the bell was not paired with the food. This was considered a neutral stimulus. Before it was paired with the food it didn’t mean anything to the dogs, just an extra noise. He started to condition the dogs by ringing the bell first and then right afterwards gives the dogs food. He had to make sure to give the dog’s food right after the bell was rung or it wouldn’t have made a difference. If the food was not given right after the bell was rung the dogs would not have associated the bell with getting food. After a while of conditioning Pavlov was able to just ring the bell and the dogs would promptly begin to salivate. This step is called the acquisition step; it’s when the animal or person has finally learned the

In classical conditioning, a physical event (stimulus) that initially does not evoke a particular response gradually acquires the capacity to evoke that response as a result of repeated pairing with a stimulus that can evoke a response. Learning of this type is quite common and seems to play a role in such varied reactions as strong fears, taste aversions and even racial or ethnic prejudice. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered this method of learning while he was experimenting on the digestive systems of dogs. He noted that the dogs would naturally salivate after seeing the food, but that eventually the dogs also began to salivate whenever they saw the experimenter’s white lab coat.

The introduction of classical conditioning occurred in the early twentieth century when Ivan Pavlov performed his famous dog-salivation experiment. Everyone at the time was aware that a dog would salivate at the sight or smell of a juicy treat and that it would shudder and recoil in disgust at a food it dislikes. Utilizing this known concept, Pavlov accompanied the delicious taste of meat powder with the ringing of the bell whenever the dog ate its treat. The trial was repeated numerous times until the dog would salivate to the ringing of the bell alone (Morgan). Pavlov’s discovery of conditioning has served as the basis for many debated and criticized physiological experiments that progressed the medical industry. Through the industry’s

This paper contains information on classical conditioning and explores several articles from some of the early and most famous physiologists like Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, and others that researched classic conditioning and how it may help explain fear and the many different types of

Classical Conditioning 11695795 Oklahoma State University Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a way of learning in which something that did not previously have a particular response now has one due to exposure to another thing. Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, discovered the phenomenon of classical conditioning while researching the digestive patterns of dogs. Pavlov would place some meat powder in the dogs’ mouths to measure their bodies’ reactions. Before the dogs were given the meat powder, a bell would ring. They repeated this several times, and “Eventually, conditioning occurs in that the dog salivates just to the bell alone” (Clark, 1998).