How Optical Antennas Are An Emerging Concept Within Physical Optics

This antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate. It has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. copper material is used for ground plane and patch. We provided microstrip line feeding to this antenna.

The Radio was introduced to society because of the telegraph and the telephone. These inventions don’t do the same things but their similar branch of technology. “Radio technology began as “wireless telegraphy”. “It all started with the discovery of radio waves, electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through air.” [Bellis] Majority of technology uses electromagnetic waves to send data information or TV broadcasts. During the 1860’s, Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves; and in 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz showed how fast the variation of electric current could be placed into space in the form of

The amplitude affects the strength of the force, that is the length of the force vectors in the electromagnetic wave. The wavelength of the wave depends only on the frequency with which the electron in the transmitting antenna is oscillating up and down; and the speed of light.

 Electromagnetic radiation deals with the electric and magnetic field oscillations such as X-rays and gamma waves.

Secondly we have Electromagnetic Radiation. Basically the study of Electromagnetic Radiation is dealing with how much electrically charged particles come together with each other with Magnetic fields. EM

In order to operate in the fundamental 10 TM mode, the length of the patch must be slightly less than λ / 2 where λ is the wavelength in the dielectric medium and is equal to λ0 / ε ff where λ is the free space wavelength. The 10 TM modes implies that the field varies one

•Explain how the radiating electric field (or electromagnetic signal) is produced when radio stations broadcast.

In this experiment, it was “discovered that ultraviolet light can cause electrons to be ejected from a metal surface.” This provided evidence against the wave theory of light because “according to the classical wave theory of light, the intensity of the light determines the amplitude of the wave, and so a greater light intensity should cause the electrons on the metal to oscillate more violently and to be ejected with a greater kinetic energy.” However, this was not seen in this experiment. The speed of the these electrons proved to be dependant on the frequency rather than the intensity of the light itself and the Photoelectric Effect displayed these effects instantaneously which showed light’s nature of a

Electromagnetic radiation which includes waves such as radio waves, microwaves and visible light. Theses waves all fall under the same spectrum known as the electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic waves occur when orbital transitions take place such as ionization and excitation and can produce radiation such as characteristic x-rays and Auger electrons. Particulate radiation is radiation that is made from fast moving particles also known as a particle beams. Some examples of particulate radiation are alpha and beta particles. Particles have mass unlike photons in electromagnetic radiation.

Examples of this kind of radiation include visible light and microwaves (para. 2).” This form of radiation has actually proven to be useful in the form of microwaves, food heating lamps (infrared) and radio waves.

EM Waves are used all over the world and help the human life easier to live. They have helped discover and make things way easier. Electromagnetic waves are used all over the place everyone uses them. For example your camera uses Electromagnetic waves to get the picture that simple. Mankind could not live without EM waves because it would be hard to come up with devices that don’t use EM waves. Electromagnetic waves were found and made a huge impact to mankind.

Ionizing radiation: Electromagnetic waves that can overcome the binding energy of a particle and therefore ionize it. This is the process of releasing ions from an atom.(9)

Radio frequency (RF) energy, in the form of radiating waves or electrical currents, has been used in medical treatments for over 75 years,[7] generally for minimally invasive surgeries, using radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation, including the treatment of sleep apnea.[8] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio frequency waves to generate images of the human body.

“Electromagnetic radiation is created when the atom called electrons that cause it to move. radio waves are at the lowest range of the EM spectrum 30 billion herts.” “Gamma rays are in the range of spectrum with with the wavelengths of less than 100pm.” “Ultraviolet light is in range of the EM spectrum between visible light and x ray.” “X rays are classified in two types hard and soft x rays.” “Infrared is in the range of the EM spectrum between microwaves and visible light” (What is Electromagnetic

Every communication system is primarily focused on the usage of antenna as it plays a vital role in transmitting and receiving the information signals. An antenna is made itself a mandate component of communication system. The stupendous growth of wireless communication systems along with wonderful use of radars opens a huge demand to new kind of antennas like small antennas, multi frequency antennas, and broadband antennas [2]-[1]. Planar multi-resonators and