How Photosynthesis Is A Redox Response

The rate of photosynthesis is affected by environmental factors like light intensity, light wavelength, and temperature. This experiment will test the

The main source of energy in photosynthesis is light energy, which is converted to glucose sugar, and later converted into ATP to provide energy to the cells. In the first phase, photons of sunlight hit the thylakoid membrane, exciting chloroplast molecules, inducing the transport of the electrons extracted from water splitting to form oxygen, down an electron transport chain, much like the one in cellular respiration. In this electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is NADP+, which is reduced to NADPH to be used later in the Calvin cycle. Much like in cellular respiration, a proton gradient builds up within the thylakoid, and protons are passively transported from the thylakoid lumen to the chloroplast stroma through the enzyme, ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP to make ATP. This type of chemiosmosis of protons to create ATP energy is uniquely called photophosphorylation. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken up from the atmosphere from the plants’ stomata, ultimately to create glucose molecules. The oxygen released from water splitting by photosystem II is crucial for almost all life. Overall, the process of photosynthesis is anabolic, as it builds up a large molecule, glucose from less complex smaller molecules, while requiring energy to do so.

As sunlight is absorbed by the plants they stars the process of photosynthesis. When chlorophyll absorbs the light energy, an electron gains energy and it is excited. This excited electron is transferred to other molecule which is called primary electron acceptor. The chlorophyll molecule is oxidized and has a positive charge on it. This results in the splitting of water molecule and the transfer of energy to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and reduce NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).ATP is an energy source and NADP is an electron donor. They both plays important role in the photosynthesis process. Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of plants

Light dependent reactions occur in the chloroplasts of a plant. Inside of chloroplasts are membranes called thylakoids, a folded membranous structure that holds chlorophyll. In order for the plant to make glucose, the plant must harness light energy and change it into chemical energy. In light dependent reactions, the plant uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH. The ATP is used in the next stage of the reactions, the light independent, also known as the Calvin Cycle. The light first enters photosystems I and II. The photosystems contain chlorophyll to help them capture the light. The light excites electrons which then passes its energy to another pigment molecule. When it passes its energy on, the electron drops into a stable energy level

Photosynthesis is a key process for all life on earth and therefore determining the factors that affect photosynthesis can be very beneficial. It is the process by which compounds such as water and carbon dioxide, through light energy are converted into a more useful compound such as carbohydrate (Rush 2015). This process not only is beneficial for plants but is also helpful for humans as photosynthesis releases a key element that is

Photosynthesis, the basis of life as it produces oxygen that many organisms need, is often seen as the general equation CO2+H2O+lightC6H12O6+O2, yielding glucose and oxygen as products. However, when the process is further broken down, photosynthesis can be divided into two reactions: light-dependent and light-independent. In addition, because photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction, the process will be slow to happen due to the fact that the products have more energy than the reactants. Furthermore, before glucose and oxygen can be produced, the light-dependent reaction must occur first. In this reaction light strikes the chloroplast causing a series of reactions, such as water splitting, the production of ATP, and NADPH is produced as an end result. After this occurs, the light-independent reaction occurs, starting with ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar. Carbon dioxide is then broken and carbon enters the cycle to leave as sugar, while the ATP generates energy for the reaction and NADPH adds electrons to form the sugar. In the end, glucose is made after several turns of the Calvin cycle. Overall, both the cycles work together in order to form sugar and oxygen that is essential to many living

Light independent reactions can occur in the dark while light dependent reactions can’t. The question that is being answered is, “Is light required in the production of O2 in photosynthesis?” Predictions that were discussed were “If light is required then oxygen will be produced.” In this investigation there will be a negative and positive control. The negative control will be the reaction that is kept out of light, while the positive control is the reaction that is exposed to light.

     Photosynthesis has a two-stage performance before plants produce the two products they are known to produce. These stages are Photosystem I and II. Photosystem II is dependant on light reactions for energy which causes the electrons to be react and be transferred to Photosystem II. The electrons are transported through the Photosystem II electron transport system, however some energy is used to drive ATP synthesis. Meanwhile, light is being absorbed by the Photosystem I, which causes the electrons to react. This process sends the electrons to the Photosystem I transport system where some energy is released as electrons travel through the electron transport system and is captured as NADPH. When this process is completed oxygen is released from the plant and glucose has been

Photosynthesis is a series of light driven reactions that convert energy poor compounds such as carbon dioxide and water to energy rich sugars [1] such as glucose. The process generate an electron gradient across the membrane of a chloroplast, which is used for ATP synthesis, and simultaneously produces electrons used to make NADPH, using NADP+ as an energy carrier[2]. Crudely put, it is the method by which autotrophic plants make their own ‘food.’

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants and some bacteria use the radiation from the sun to produce glucose. The process of photosynthesis involves multiple steps, which are photophosphorylation and the Calvin cycle. Photophosphorylation is the process of converting the energy from sunlight into the pyrophosphate bond of an ADP; it is then broken down into two different reactions, noncyclic photophosphorylation and cyclic photophosphorylation. Cyclic photophosphorylation does not involve the reduction of NADP+ or the use two photosystems. When light is absorbed by Photosystem I, the excited electron will enter the electron transport chain to make ATP. Cyclic photophosphorylation does not use water to replenish the electron supply

     To metabolic pathways involved in photosynthesis are light reaction and dark reaction. The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. Light absorbed by chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments is used to drive a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to and acceptor called NADP , reducing it to the form of NADPH by adding a pair of electrons and a single proton. The water or some other donor molecule is split in the process. The light reaction also generates ADP, a process called photophosphorylation. ATP is a versatile source of chemical energy used in most biological processes. The light reaction produces no carbohydrates such as sugars.

Photosynthesis is the cycle in which light energy converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen by ways of a chemical reaction (Robinson 2015). Photosynthesis’, overall a fairly simple process, has couple complex reactions. To fully understand the cycle, it should be broken down into two simple stages. These stages can be divided up into light reactions and the Calvin Cycle. In the first step of photosynthesis, the light reaction, solar energy is converted into the form of chemical energy. This entails the chlorophyll absorbing light from the sun and transforming it into NADP+ (nicotin- amide ademine dinucleotide phosphate) and ATP, through means of a chemical reaction. During the second stage, the Calvin cycle, the plant takes in CO2, and processes it through the chloroplast. Following it converts the carbons into carbohydrates by adding electrons using chemical energy such as ATP. The end result of this stage is sugar and oxygen. The process of photosynthesis occurs primarily in the chlorophyll of the leaf. The leaf also has a structural

Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy for other organisms’ activities. The two stages responsible for this process are Photochemical reactions (Light reactions) and Biochemical reactions (Calvin cycle). The light reactions consist of two enzymatic protein complexes, Photosystem II and Photosystem I, in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplasts that use light to reduce molecules to power the electron transport chain. Photosystem II contains a chlorophyll with an optimum wavelength of 680 nanometers that uses the light energy absorbed to excite electrons from the chlorophyll to a higher energy level while using some of the energy absorbed to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid membrane (Khan Academy). As water is being oxidized, the electrons stripped are being used to power the electron transport chain, transferring electrons from Photosystem II down to Photosystem I while releasing a biproduct of oxygen. The electrons in Photosystem I are also excited by light to a higher energy state reducing NADP to NADPH. The hydrogen ions that have been pumped into the thylakoid membrane are used for ATP synthase.

Photosystem I, and Photosystem II, are both natural protein-based reactions initiated by sunlight, meant to produce biofuel. The purpose of Photosystem I is to “catalyze[s] the oxidation of plastocyanin” (Govindjee & Witmarsh, 1995). Put simply, to prepare Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which finishes the job Photosystem II starts. Specifically the job Photosystem II does is splitting water. This releases hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen and reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) (Govindjee & Witmarsh, 1995). Reduction of the CO2, thanks to NADP, generates sugar. Specifically the sugar, Adenosine Diphsophate (ADP), is later used as the building block for the remaining metabolic process.

Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast, are two photosystems. Photosystem I optimally absorbs photons of a wavelength of 700 nm. Photosystem II optimally absorbs photons of a wavelength of 680 nm. The numbers indicate the order in which the photosystems were discovered, not the order of electron transfer. Under normal conditions electrons flow from PSII through cytochrome bf (a membrane bound protein analogous to Complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain) to PSI. Photosystem II uses light energy to oxidize two molecules of water into one molecule of molecular oxygen. The 4 electrons removed from the water molecules are transferred by an electron transport chain to ultimately reduce 2NADP+ to 2NADPH. During the