How Physical Contact With Warmth Essay

7. In an exploratory study such as this, one problem is defining what the "data" are -- the information we should collect. Also, what should have been done to minimize the effects of experimenter bias on the outcome of the study? What were the dangers of the principal investigator assuming the role of prison superintendent?

In most cases, scholars view research as large samples of subjects that are either participating in either two groups. Most research studies are considered as an experimental group whereby a treatment, independent variable (IV), or intervention is presented or a control group in which such interventions are not presented (Alberto & Troutman, 2016). Based on case study level C, Case 2, the independent variable is the treatment that is needed to change Rachel’s attitude in class. In the group designs, there is involvement of many subjects with each having an averaged performance, Dependent Variable which is comparable in the evaluation of experimental control. Therefore, Dependent variable in Rachel’s case is her behavior.

4. In a well-designed study, what does it mean to say there is a statistically significant difference between groups?

Single-subject design (p. 238) – using just one participate or very few participants to study the influence of a new procedure (2012, p. 238).

Single-subject design (p 238) only using one or a few participants for a study to see the influence on a new procedure or invention.

3.     What are the advantages and disadvantages of an experimental design in an educational study?

The study consisted of fifty, female, undergraduate college students. The ethnicities that were use for this study were African American, European, Asian, Hispanic, biracial, and a very slight percentage was categorized as other. The experiment would begin at 5:00pm everyday, for four weeks. One of the three groups was administered each day. The three groups were either peppermint, expectation, or control. Each participant was seated down, given an instruction sheet, a laptop, and was not able to see the other participants from their view.

Participants/Subjects of experiment one: Seventy-one male and female undergraduates. .A11 had taken psychological tests approximately 2 weeks earlier.

3. Sample Population: Who exactly was used in the study? How many? (Be as specific as possible.)

* 3. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the experimental group. Was this an expected finding? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Researchers or research teams who elect a quantitative study are going to determine the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable within a population (Babbie, E.R., 2010). There are two types of quantitative study designs: descriptive and experimental. A descriptive design typically measures the subject once and establishes the association between the independent and dependent variables (Mujis, D, 2010). An experimental design measures the subject before and after a treatment and establishes causality between the variables (Brians, C.L. et al, 2011).

The nature of the issues being investigated meant that controlled experiments couldn't be carried out. It would not be possible to separate children from their mothers in an experiment! Because control of variables was difficult, clear conclusions were difficult to draw. Other evidence from psychoanalytic case studies or from animal studies must also be interpreted very carefully.

The criteria I used to determine the study design is looking at what kind of study the research is. In descriptive and correlational studies, there are no treatments involved (Burns & Grove, 2011). Since this study has treatments involve and the researchers have control over the treatments, it is experimental. Experimental study also uses a smaller sample size like the sample size in the article. It also involves 3 characteristics namely: (1)

The second experiment differed in that it had a sample size of 150 students, they were divided into groups of 50. Again the groups were shown footage of car accidents however in this experiment one group of 50 were asked how fast the cars were

measurement, researchers can evaluate after/before effect. Pretest and Posttest measurement is a critical instrument especially in this study because, this experiment focused on human psychology and as it is very vulnerable to the external changes. (Samples are imposed to see pictures)