How Proteins Are Biological Macromolecules

Enzymes are known as protein catalysts. The name protein catalyst suggests that most enzymes are made of proteins. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. (Giuseppe, M 2002, p.69). After a reaction has been catalyzed, the catalyst can be used again to catalyze the same reaction. Enzymes reduce the activation energy (minimal energy) it takes for a reaction to take place. Enzymes can either catabolize (destroy), or anabolize (build up) a chemical system.

• Enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of carbohydrates and converts them into energy for the body to use.

A protein has multiple existing structures, these are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures which occur progressively. A protein is essentially a sequence of amino acids which are bonded adjacently, and interact with one another in various ways depending on the R group that the amino acid contains. There are 20 different amino acids which are able to be arranged in any given order, thus giving rise to a potential 2.433x1018 (4.s.f) different combinations, and therefore interactions between the various amino acids.

Proteins are complex structures made up of chains of amino acids. Each protein has a different function such as enzymes to catalyze reactions or protein hormones to trigger certain functions of a cell. First let’s start with the most basic component of a protein: an amino acid. An amino acid is made up of a central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group which varies

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for reactions. This simply means that enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to take place, allowing a particular reaction to take place much quicker and easier. Specific enzymes only lower the activation energy for specific reactions, and enzymes are shape-specific. The unique folds of the amino

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (speed up) biological reactions in an organism by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. They do this by either straining the bonds in a molecule so that is easier to break up or by placing separate molecules/elements close to each other so that bonds are formed. Enzyme activity is influenced by an array of different factors such as enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH and inhibitor concentration. All of these affect the rate of reactions of enzymes and some such as temperature, inhibitors and pH can under circumstances cause enzymes to become permanently affected. Catalase is an enzyme found in almost all organisms on earth exposed to Oxygen.

Proteins are molecules containing amino acids, which our body and cells need to keep our bodies functioning properly. Body structure, functions and regulates the body's cells, tissues

The purpose of this lab is to discover how changes in temperature can affect enzyme activity. All walks of life, from humans to plants, are living because of biochemical reactions. Biochemical reactions are processes that occur on a cellular level and are responsible for sustaining life: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Digestion, etc. Within these reactions, molecules change their identity and transform into new molecules. In the middle of these molecular transformations are enzymes (sites.com).

Introduction Cells require the use of enzymes to carry on life functions. These functions include breaking down molecules for energy, building structural molecules such proteins and producing various chemical messengers. Because most reactions require high amounts of energy, they could not occur in a cell without the aid of a catalyst. Enzymes are protein catalysts that bind to molecules allowing them to react faster. This can occur without the high amount of energy the molecules would normally need.

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms by speeding up the rates of chemical reactions in that organism (Coker, 2015). Enzymes, which are proteins, are the most common biological catalysts (Herz, 2017). Enzymes are able to increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. However, one thing that enzymes do not do is supply free energy to a reaction or change the total energy of a reaction (Herz, 2017). Enzymes also follow a rule of substrate specificity. This means that each enzyme catalyzes the reaction of a single substrate or a group of closely related substrates, and is also the reason why a typical cell in the human body needs over 4,000 enzymes to function (Herz, 2017). Enzymes are also reusable, because they are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze (Coker, 2015). Temperature and pH are two main factors that affect enzyme activity. When fluctuations in temperature and pH occur, an enzyme may denature and lose its function (Coker, 2015). For most enzymes, extremely high temperature and an extremely low and acidic pH can cause the protein to denature.

The sequence of amino acids determines each protein's unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function. Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body. Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. Proteins do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure of the cell, the function of the cell, and the regulation of the body’s tissues and organs in the cell. They are made of groups called amino acids.Proteins have a large variety of different shapes and sizes. If the shape changes, it becomes a new protein. Protein is found in your muscles and the cell

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

Gene expression is the process of protein formation. Proteins are the molecules that are responsible for enabling us to live. They carry out majority of the processes that are important for life, as they include enzymes, transcription factors and the various cell machinery. Indeed, without proteins, life may not be a possibility.

Proteins : are organic nutrients that are chemically similar to fats ( lipids ) and carbohydrate since they contain carbon , hydrogen and oxygen atoms . Also proteins contain nitrogen , actually nitrogen is the cells that need to make a big group of important biological compounds. Animals , plants , bacteria and viruses contain large amount of proteins . Any cells in human body contain proteins . There are a lot of proteins in human body have a different function . So the body use proteins to : first , body use proteins to make, maintain and repair cells such as cells during period of growth they need protein to form cells membranes .second , to build structures such as keratin which is a structural protein it’s in hair,