How The Past Can Assist The Modern Criminal Justice System

Police forces or Law enforcers have been used for centuries all around the world but America took particular interest in the English’s policing system. America’s policing ideas and process began

Policing has been a part of America for many decades. In fact, policing was known to exist prior to 1066, the year of the Normandy Invasion of Britain. Throughout the years policing has been a complicated and ongoing progress. The people of England did not have a stabilized policing standard and were often responsible for protecting and serving themselves. As early as the 1600s the Colonial America introduced the English styles of policing; citizens were responsible for monitoring community members’ behavior. Early constables and sheriffs were with the increased rate of crime and developed a ‘sort’ in community policing known as “watch and ward.” Later throughout history in the early 1700s policing became an

This essay will introduce two competing perspectives of policing, they are the orthodox and revisionist perspectives. This essay will then relate the orthodox and revisionist perspectives to the themes of lack of structure, industrialisation and finally hostility. It will then discuss whether the creation of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 was an effective solution to the changes within society as well as the challenges brought about through crime and disorder. The orthodox view is that the Metropolitan Police were, in fact, a rational decision made to adapt to the needs of the society. They argue that the establishment of the ‘new’ police was inevitable. The revisionist view would state that the ‘new’ police were not a rational decision. They believed that crime and disorder were not increasing, it was just that the ways of counting crime were largely different to previously. The revisionists also believe that the new system was in part beneficial for which to tackle issues that may have occasioned due to the new ‘dangerous class’ (Monkkonen, 1981, p147). In this essay, there will be reference made to the Brixton Riots in 1981 with a clear explanation as to how the orthodox and revisionist perspectives relate to modern policing activities.

Sir Robert Peel’s London Metropolitan Police Act and his principles of policing have helped modern day policing in many ways. By gaining the public’s trust, enabling them to call local law enforcement when help is needed,

Policing today consists of three eras. These three eras have adapted and built off one another through history (Parr, 2014). The first era started around 1840 to 1930, and is known as the Political Era. The second Era is known as the Reform Era and lasted from 1930 to 1970. The last era is called the Community-Problem Solving Era and is still being adapted and used today. The Political Era emphasizes on meeting the needs of politicians. The police were given power through the local government and the community had very little say in what happened. The police and politicians worked together to control the city and neighborhoods (Palmiotto, 2000). This was often referred to as a ward. The ward politician controlled all the police in their neighborhood. The police officers tasks included not only crime prevention and order but a lot of social service activities that involved their neighborhoods. The officers resembled the ethnic backgrounds of the neighborhoods they lived and worked in and performed their patrols gaining trust from their community (Palmiotto, 2000). This allowed positive integration of police officers leading to more public service, and the trust of the officers to stop crime when is starts.

Starting In 1829, Sir Robert Peel began developing his theory of policing. These nine principles are as relevant today as they were in the 1800's. Peel established the Metropolitan Police when he served as Home Secretary of England. Since Sir Robert Peel introduced his principles of policing in the early 1800's, our country has continued to follow his ideas of effective policing. Community policing is based on Peel's concept of prevention.

After reading the article titled, “The Challenge of Policing in a Democratic Society: A Personal Journey Toward Understanding” by Officer Charles H. Ramsey, I was able to relate with his view points and argument. In this article Ramsey, who was a sergeant for the Chicago Police Department discussed the core of ethics. His main example was the Holocaust in Europe during the 1930’s and 1940’s. Ramsey stated police officers worked together with the Nazi soldiers during this time and in return were not protecting their citizens. Similarly, when the police made no intervention to the killings and hangings of blacks in the south of the United States during the Civil War era.

Since the 19th century, law enforcement and punishment has developed rapidly into the justice system we rely on today. Obscure laws that had become irrelevant in an industrial and post-industrial era were fast being replaced, and despite its lack of existence at the beginning of the 1800’s, policing standards are, today, high. The necessity for this drastic change in approach to crime has stemmed from the needs of industrial Britain, and the increased awareness of the public, and government, and their perception of crime and punishment. Rather than individual cases having a direct impact on these changes, in general they provide an insight as to the reactions of the public at the time, and along with the myriad of other cases, allow us

2) There has been an evolution of police work in Canada. A number of events have shaped Canadian policing, and in particular have shaped three different kinds. These are municipal, provincial, and federal police services. All these services had to start from somewhere. “In many respects, the emergence of Canadian policing during the nineteenth century closely mirrored the development of punishment and corrections” (Griffiths 2004).

From the 19th century to the 20th, crime control state agencies have become instilled with ‘penal welfarism’ and rehabilitation. However since then they’ve been dominated by risk management, incapacitation and retribution. In clarifying this change Garland; the formal organisations of crime control have a tendency to be responsive. Garland states “too often our attention focuses on the state’s institutions and neglects the informal social practices upon which state

The first form of policing in the United States emerged in the 1600’s as the watch system. This watch system was made up of volunteers watching over communities but this system turned out to be ineffective (Potter, 2013). It wasn’t until the 1830’s when the modern police was formed as a result of the rising crime in cities as watch groups were no longer adequate. The city of Boston created the first modern police force in 1838 because of the inability of citizens to deal with riots, disorderly behavior, and public drunkenness (Liebman & Polen, 1978, p.347).

Describe the colonial period’s three legacies to contemporary policing. Then list and discuss two powerful trends in England and America that brought about changes in

Learning the history of the police force of England, Ireland, and Wales justice systems was a pretty eye opening experience for me because I only know the American police force. We learn the primary emphasis is on the history and development of the two major national systems of Administrative Justice Model with the American Common Law Model. On this trip I was able to broaden my understanding of and appreciation for criminal justice practices and issues in the England, Ireland and Wales criminal justice systems. I was able to explore the conflict and distinctions between legal requirements, personal morality, and ethical principles and beliefs. I was able to enhance my understanding of the ethical dilemmas faced by professionals in the criminal

Karl Marx showed how the bourgeois exploits the working class by paying them the bare minimum for the work that they complete. The capitalist drive is largely responsible for the second-class status of women and other racial factors. Marxism plays off of society’s inherent classism, in which the group with the wealth and power seeks to maintain its current position in society. “At its core, Marx separates society into the “haves” (bourgeoisie) and the “have-nots” (proletariat). The bourgeoisie controlled the wealth and the means of production (capitalism), while the proletariat does not own wealth or the means of obtaining it (Vago, 2009).” Prison systems are a tool for keeping the proletarians down. Capitalists have mistreated women,

Karl Marx’s philosophy defines specific characteristics that came to be known as the Marxist approach. In this critical approach, whoever holds the power and controls the factories or means of production, consequently controlled the whole society. Marx’s opinion states that the laborers running the factories and thus holding the means of production should be the ones holding the power. However, this idea rarely holds true in practical society. Frequently, Marx notes, that the powerful people hire other people to carry out the labor. This decision of power is a reflection of culture. Two main classes or divisions of people exist, the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the powerful or those who in charge or production