How The Primary Human Exposure To Lead?

The lead in the environment is formed naturally in the earth’s crust mainly as Lead Sulphide. The main exposure channels of lead entering the environment through atmospheric lead is predominantly from automobile emissions. Other lead exposure routes include lead-acid batteries, paint chips, fertilizers, utilized ammunition, pesticides, and other industrial byproducts. The means of conveying lead from key emission sources is mainly through the air. Concerning the sources of lead in drinking water, normally lead reaches into the residents’ water after it is channeled from their water treatment plant or the wells. To be more precise, the source of lead in people’s water supply largely emanates from their households’ pipes or lead solder from plumbing. The most typical cause of the lead formation is from the corrosion reaction by the lead pipes or solders and the water. The acidity as a result of the low pH, dissolved oxygen, and little mineral contents in the water are main reasons of the corrosion. The lead amounts in the water become high if the water spends a long duration of time stagnated inside the old pipes.

Reducing exposure to lead involves the clean up, removal, or covering of known lead contaminated soils. The use of raise beds and mulch can limit inhalation risk when working in an urban garden (Clark and Knudsen, 2014). To avoid swallowing lead contaminated soils, urban gardens should avoid root vegetables and dark, leafy greens, which can be harder than other crops to thoroughly clean (Clark and Knudsen, 2014). A traditionally used technique for the removal of contaminants is expensive process called “dig and dump” - also called extraction or isolation and containment - which is usually paid for by the point source pollutor (Laidlaw et al., 2017; Wuana and Okieimen, 2011; Mulligan, Yong, and Gibbs, 2001). As the name suggests, this

Lead poisoning in children was first discovered in 1890 in Queensland, Australia. The lead source was not identified until 1904, when a researcher traced it to the paint used on railings and verandahs. The first discovery of lead poisoning in the United States (with a traceable source) was in 1914; the child had chewed the paint off of his crib. At this time they linked lead poisoning as a cause of convulsions in children. As research progressed and more children were found with high lead levels, symptoms caused by lead were expanded to include lead meningitis, acute encephalopathy, intellectual dullness, reduced consciousness, seizures, comas, and death (Chisholm, 1982).

When lead enters the human body, it is distributed to the brain, liver, kidney and bones. It is deposited in the teeth and bones where it accumulates over time. Exposure to high levels of lead may cause anemia, kidney and brain damage. Lead exposure can also cause miscarriage and infertility. The effects are even more severe in children. Lead can affect children’s brain development resulting in decreased intelligence quotient (IQ), shortened attention span and increased antisocial behaviour. At high levels of exposure, lead may attack the brain and central nervous system, causing coma. Children who survive severe lead poisoning may continue to suffer mental retardation and behavioural disorders. Furthermore, pregnant woman exposed to lead can

As stated above children can get lead poisoning from lead dust and drinking water that contains traces of lead. They also can get it by ingesting anything that has lead in it. Such as eating paint chips, infants biting on lead based walls, and being around toxic lead based gasoline

In 2000, WHO assessed the global burden of disease due to a number of risk factors associated with lead. (3)

A healthy diet is important in preventing childhood lead poisoning. To help reduce the amount of lead a child's body absorbs and stores in the bones, the child must eat nutritious meals. Children need certain nutrients and minerals, especially calcium and iron, to make their bones grow strong. When there is not enough of these minerals in the body, lead is absorbed. Children with diets low in iron, calcium, and vitamin C retain lead more than children whose diets have high amounts of these minerals. Also, children on an empty stomach absorb more lead so make sure your children are eating regularly. Make sure their meals consist of green vegetables, lean meats and fish, milk, cheese and yogurt, and fruits. Avoid foods and snacks high in fat and

In 2013 there was an estimate of 853,000 deaths due to lead exposure due to extended health effects. The most affected was from low and middle-income individuals globally. Lead has also attributed to about 9 percent of worldwide of idiopathic intellectual disability, 4 percent of ischemic heart diseases and also 7 percent of stroke (WHO, 2016). Lead has be a plague to our water system for years, yet we struggle to find a solution to have safe water for

Lead contamination is a very dangerous, hazardous situation. Anyone who is near the contamination source is greatly affected more than residents that are not as near. Someone can be poisoned with lead through inhalation of lead fumes or dust and ingestion of contaminated sources like food or water. The health effects behind this poisoning are even more threatening. There are certain types of people who are affected more than others, but all in all everyone who comes drinks or uses lead contaminated water in food or other things will suffer health effects from small to large scale effects. The majority of the greatly affected are usually children and adults, particularly pregnant women. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, “Young

Across England, urban areas typically have higher soil background concentrations of Pb than the surrounding countryside; Ander et al 2013 suggested an overall mean of 820 mg kg-1 for urban areas as against 180 mg kg-1 for the countryside. A recent high-density geochemical soil survey of the Greater London Area (GLA; BGS 2011) showed that the inner central region of the oldest and most intensely urbanized and industrial areas, about 25% of the GLA area, typically have concentrations > 346 mg kg-1; this value is greater than the proposed new contaminated land category four screening levels for residential land and allotment land-use (CL4SL 2014).

Soil around the world is a habitat for numerous plants and animals. However, every day, certain patches of soil are perhaps being

Lead and zinc are heavy metals which are most commonly found at the same work place. Both these metals have unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for great variety of applications. Because of high persistence of lead and its use since ancient times for industrial purposes, Lead has become common environmental and occupational contaminant widely distributed throughout the world. Even though the toxic effects of lead and its compounds have been investigated for many years, the data existing with regard to its mutagenic, clastogenic and carcinogenic properties still shows significant variations.

Sustainability will be contingent on the soil being healthy and fertile for humans and animals. This information is only a small part of the issues associated with soil contamination.

Based on the overview of the sample’s constituents, another filter condition was added to pick out the most abundant compounds in the soil samples. According to the

Phytoremediation is the process by which plants and trees are used to remove or stabilize hazardous pollutants that exist in soil, sediments, surface water or groundwater. The EPA (environmental protection agency) estimates that more than 30,000 sites in the U.S. are in need of environmental treatment, and a great number of these sites are contaminated with highly toxic metals. Abandoned or under-used commercial and industrial facilities, termed as “brownfields,” are a major contributor to this environment concern. “Brownfields” pose significant health risks to nearby residential populations and threaten the plant and animal life close to them. Phytoremediation provides a very