How To Write A Head Injury Case Scenario

Your brain sits in your skull and is surrounded by cerebral fluid. When a head injury occurs, the brain may collide with the skull, then “bounce back” and collide with the opposite side of the skull. At the neuronal level, blow strong enough to create a concussion has the effect of twisting or stretching of the axons, which in turn creates swelling. In many cases, the swelling will subside and the neuron may return to normal. However, if the swelling of the axon is severe enough, the axon may break down and can cause permanent damage. Many athletes will experience multiple concussions over the course of their career. Recently the NFL has stated it expects 1 in 3 former players will develop long-term cognitive issues.

As you well know concussions are not to be taken lightly. Throughout the past few years I have dealt with several concussed athletes but none as severe as this particular case. The severity of second impact syndrome is an evident threat to the future health of an athlete’s brain. In this case, you will see the effect of second impact syndrome on a 17-year-old female varsity hockey player and her struggle to finish 11th grade. This athlete was playing for a league outside of her varsity school team when she sustained her initial concussion. During the game, she sustained a blow to the head and did not feel “normal” after it occurred, however she did not mention this to any coaches, players or therapists. As she continued to play her headache got progressively worse but played through it

Concussions are a very frightening and dangerous injury. A concussion is a traumatic brain injury in which your brain rattles around in your skull. When you sustain a concussion, your brain may jolt as a result from the impact. This form of brain injury can cause bruising, damage to the blood vessels, and injury to the nerves. Concussions are the most common brain injury. Although concussions are the least serious, they should not be taken lightly. Back in the day, people were unaware of concussions and the symptoms associated with them. As a result, people today especially former athletes are dying from past concussions. (Cantu, R. & Hyman M., 2012) Many people have seen, heard of, or had a concussion and they are relevant to everyone’s life.

Summary of article: In “Bridging the HPV Knowledge Gap,” Christina Demopoulos and two others talk about the importance of knowledge on HPV and how most patients are unaware of this virus and that is it on the oral health professionals to educate them. This virus is transmitted easily through a small cut or tear in the oral cavity and is associated with a variety of oral lesion, cances, and oropahygnel cancers. The article included a statistic that about 12,000 people between ages 15 and 24 are affected everyday by HPV and its only increasing. HPV causes more than 30,000 cancer cases a year which the average age diagnosis is 62, but ther is arise of cases in the adolescents. With that being said, it is put on oral health professional to discuss the ipmo ratio of HPV with patients, and they should become more familiar with HPV because there is an association between HPV and oropharyngeal cancers. One way to bridge the HPV knowledge gap is to do what NEvada is doing. Nevada has a Immunization program which promotes for better health and they hold a lot of information conferences. Overall,

HPV is so common in the United States that nearly all men and women will contract the virus at some point during life (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017). In the United States, in 2008, it is reported that 3.2 million, or one in four adolescent women, ages 14 to 19 have had or have an STD (Kostas-Polston et al., 2012). The rate of HPV cases has only increased since 2008. The prevalence of a genital infection with any HPV type was 42.5% among United States during 2013–2014 (CDC, 2017). The incidence of HPV in the United States is about 14 million people each year.

The incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in my local community Lockport, Illinois is one out of every five people have HPV and due to the vaccinations to prevent HPV, Illinois ranks 48th among the United States for incidences of HPV (Manchir, 2013). HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that is transmitted through sexual contact. HPV is transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sex and on rare occasions, through birth during delivery (Illinois Department of Public Health [IDPH], 2013). Surprisingly, 50 percent of men and women that are active sexually will acquire HPV during their lifetime! HPV has affected 20 million Americans and an astounding, six million additional people will become infected every year (Illinois Department of Public Health [IDPH], 2013). Although Lockport Illinois has a lower amount of people with HPV, as a public health nurse, I realize this is an issue that needs to be addressed in my local community. Awareness is the key to prevention. Teenagers, parents, and all adults need to

Head injuries typically fall under one of two categories based on how the injury was sustained; an injury due to a blow or shaking. Head injuries that fall under the category of occurring by a blow can be sustained by; a motor vehicle accident, a fall, a physical assault, or a sports related injury. Head injuries that are caused by shaking are typically sustained by violent shaking. The types of head injuries that can result from these incidents include; hematoma, hemorrhage, concussion, edema, skull fracture, and diffuse axonal injury.

In the United States alone, there are approximately one million head injuries reported every year; eighty five percent of these injuries are classified as mild traumatic brain injuries. Traumatic brain injuries, also known as concussions, are the leading cause of death and disability for neurological disorders before the age of fifty. Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are one of the most prevalent, and have become a major public health issue. A few of the main reasons there are so many problems with traumatic brain injuries (TBI), are lack of reporting by the patients, physician’s misdiagnosis or undiagnosed, and lack of awareness.

The HPV virus has gone unseen by many until the recent controversy over the vaccine. However, this virus is thought to be one of the world’s most wide spread STD’s. “According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 6.2 million women and men are newly infected every year” with HPV. HPV has over 100 strains, with more than thirty that are sexually transmitted. Some of these strains are known to cause cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, or penis cancers and others can cause genital warts. “Studies have found the vaccine to be almost 100% effective in preventing diseases caused by the four HPV types covered by the vaccine—including precancers of the cervix, vulva and vagina, and genital warts” (“HPV Questions and

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is alterations of the brain function and brain pathology caused by an external force (LeBorgne, 2013). The two types of TBI are open and closed injuries (LeBorgne, 2013). Open injuries results from a penetration of the skull (LeBorgne, 2013). Closed injuries or no penetrating causes damage at the point of impact (LeBorgne, 2013). Closed head injuries include, but are not limited to concussion, contusion, and second impact syndrome (LeBorgne, 2013). A closed head injury involves edema, and an increase in intracranial pressure that causes further injury (LeBorgne, 2013). Between 2002 and 2006 falls were the leading cause of TBI among all age groups in the United States, followed by motor vehicular accidents, strike against an object and assaults (Powell, 2014). Falls related to the greatest amount of emergency department visits and hospitalization, compared to motor vehicular accidents that were the leading cause of death (Powell, 2014).

Despite the HPV educational presentation, almost 40% of the athletes missed the true/ false question regarding the statement that most people with HPV have symptoms. The majority of subjects answered this question as true, when in fact this statement was false. Considering the high percentage of college-aged male athletes that answered the question incorrectly, the presentation was evaluated for an over-emphasis on the fact that HPV may be symptomatic, rather than indicating that HPV may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Therefore, a suggestion for replication of the study would be to emphasize that HPV may present with or without symptoms.

Closed head injuries are caused by blunt trauma in which a concussion, contusion, and laceration to the brain may result. The most severe of the closed head injuries is anoxal injury (diffuse type). Diffuse anoxal injury is used related to high speed acceleration/deceleration as with automobile accidents. (Workman, 2006). With this type of injury there is significant damage to the axons in the white matter. Lesions may be found in the corpus callosum, midbrain, cerebellum and upper brainstem. Depending on the severity, small areas of hemorrhage followed by possible enlargement of the lateral ventricles may be detected on CT scan. For severe cases, the majority present in a coma. Survivors usually require long term care.

Concussions are injuries to the brain that can be caused by any significant blunt force trauma to the head such as a fall, car accident, being struck on the head with an object, or sports injury. Sports are second only to motor vehicle accidents as the leading cause of traumatic brain injury particularly among people who are 15 to 24 years old (Solomon, 2006). Pediatric physicians care for a significant number of patients who are involved in sport-related activities in schools or clubs, however most sport-related concussions are never diagnosed because young athletes may not recognize or report the symptoms of a concussion. It is important for physicians to know that although concussions are the most minor of traumatic brain injuries, if not detected and managed properly, they can lead to more serious short-term and long-term issues.

Instead, if people saw how serious this virus is, then they may be able to more clearly see how beneficial the vaccinations are. HPV is so common and prevalent in today’s society that it will infect 75% – 80% of both males and females throughout their lifetime. Those infected with specific

Among the many arguments for mandatory HPV vaccination, the foremost is that it is an important medical achievement and a major public health milestone. This vaccine has proven to be one-hundred percent effective in preventing the 4 HPV strains that are responsible for seventy percent of cervical cancers and ninety percent of genital warts. In addition, no serious side effects have been identified. Because this vaccine is a preventive measure, administration before onset of sexual activity is ideal; however, even females who have been sexually active can still benefit from this vaccination (Perkins et al., 2010). Nationally and internationally, the HPV vaccine will significantly reduce disease burden by reducing monetary and psychological costs of invasive procedures that remove precancerous and cancerous lesions. By combining vaccination with routine Pap smear screening, these public health efforts have the remarkable opportunity to eradicate cervical cancer (Ramet et al., 2011).