How To Write An Essay About Shone's Complex

Myopia (nearsightedness) is one of the most common symptoms of the disease. Other symptoms occurring in the eyes include dislocated lens, detached retina, risk of early glaucoma and/or cataracts, and, if not treated, can result in vision loss. Symptoms of the cardiovascular system include a stretched or weakened aorta (aortic dilation or aneurysm) due to defective connective tissue and defects in heart valves. An example of a valve defect is mitral valve prolapse in which one or both cusps of the mitral valve swells or collapses into the left upper atrium when the heart contracts. Cardiovascular symptoms can lead to arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and chest pain. There are also some effects on lungs, albeit not as common as other symptoms, in which the air sacs can become stretched and lead to an increased risk of lung collapse. The nervous system is also affected as dural ectasia, where the dura that covers the spinal fluid stretches and weakens, eventually leading the bones of the spinal column to wear away. Other symptoms are more obvious and affect the skeletal and connective tissue systems. Those with Marfan syndrome commonly have stretch marks and overgrowth of the

The incidence of PDA is approximately 0.02 to 0.04 percent in term infants and 20 to 60 percent in preterm neonates. Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for six to eleven percent of all congenital heart defects. PDA is found twice as often in females than in males (Shinde, Basantwani, & Tendolkar, 2016). The incidence of PDA is increased in children who are born prematurely, children with a history of perinatal asphyxia, and, possibly, children born at high altitude. Up to 30 percent low birth infants develop PDA (Kim, 2016).

Congenital heart defects (CHD) are birth defects that are considered the common in the United States. These defects affect a newborn child’s blood flow to and from the heart and sometimes can leave the heart lacking parts that make it necessary for the heart to do its job. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014), 1 in 4 children born with a CHD is considered critical and will result in that child needing heart surgery or other similar procedures within the first years of its life. These CHD’s can range from Atrial Septal Defects, Coarctation of the aorta, Ebstien anomaly, Pulmanary artesia, Tetralogy of Fallot, Trancus Arteriosus, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, as well as many others (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The specific CHD that will be covered in detail will be the Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS). HLHS accounts for nearly 960 congenital birth defects per year and

Congestive cardiac failure is by far the most frequent symptom. It may be associated with massive peripheral edema or massive pleural effusion leading to cardiac tamponade. It may rarely mimic other congenital cardiac malformations such as Ebstein’s anomaly or functional pulmonary atresia. Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances are not a predominant feature of Uhl’s anomaly, probably due to absence of residual foci to initiate or transmit anomalous electrical activity. (Gerlis 2003)

The only hope of surviving this is a connection between the sides of the heart. Usually this connection closes a few days after birth, but in this case it doesn't. So the right side pumps all the blood out, but when it tries to come back through the left side the whole is closed. This can quickly cause death because of no blood circulation. Babies born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are usually put on medicine right after birth so the hole doesn't close and the blood can keep

While genetic factors may contribute to this heart defect, it is unknown what causes it.

HLHS first described in 1952 by Lev as the pathologic complex hypoplasia of the aortic tract. Hypoplasia of the aortic tract including hypoplasia of the aorta, hypoplasia of the aorta and VSD, hypoplasia of the aorta with aortic stenosis or atresia, and hypoplasia of the aorta with or without mitral stenosis. In 1958, Noonan and Nadas termed these lesions as “Hypoplastic left heart syndrome”. Noonan describes HLHS as a spectrum of cardiac abnormalities characterized by marked hypoplasia of the left ventricle and ascending aorta. The embryologic cause is not fully understood. It probably results from a familial inheritance and genetic disorder. Most infants are diagnosed in the first few hours or days of life.

Congenital heart defects have become more prevalence in infants in the United States. The causes of congenital heart defects in infants are unknown. However, several factors have been linked to prenatal factors such as maternal insulin-dependent diabetes, maternal alcoholism, maternal rubella during pregnancy, and maternal age over forty. Many infants have been diagnosed with congenital heart defects in utero and the first week of life. Congenital heart defects have been detected in utero with the use of ultrasound in obstetric care. Other congenital heart defects have been diagnosed during the first week of life with symptoms in infants such as failure to thrive, failure to grow, feeding intolerance, hypoxia, signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. The objectives of this paper are to present overviews of the congenital heart defects and outline the surgical treatments for the congenital heart defects.

The heart is one of the most important organs in the body. For most adults, the heart pumps 2,000 gallons of blood daily. Continually, 5 quarts of blood are circulated throughout the body. Imagine what would happen if your heart was defective? Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare heart defect that affects breathing and blood flow through the body due to deformities in the heart. This essay will explore the symptoms and treatments of this defect.

Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) include all structural anomalies of the heart and the intrathoracic great vessels resulting from the errors in morphogenesis, during development. The incidence of CHDs among live births is estimated to be 3.7 to 7.7 per 1000 (Ferencz et al. 1985). CHDs are etiologically heterogenous and it could be due to genetic (single gene defects, chromosomal abnormality) and or environmental (multifactorial, teratogens) or unknown factors (Michels and Ricardi 1990). From literature, it is seen, that 6 percent of CHDs are due to chromosomal abnormality (Greenwood et al. 1975). Conversely, the reported incidence of CHDs among individuals with chromosomal abnormality is around 30 percent.

To start at the top with this condition, the apex of the heart in a normal patient points towards the left (levocardia) but with this condition, the apex of the heart actually points to the right (dextrocardia) side. The right atrium is on the left and the left atrium is on the right with about 80% of these patients having a right-sided aortic arch. In addition to the heart being backwards, the organs of digestion are also backwards too. The liver is on the left, along with the gallbladder, and the spleen and stomach are on the right. Sometimes these patients are born without a spleen.

A. S. is a two-month-old female with down syndrome who was born at thirty-four gestational weeks. After birth, she was transported to VCH-NICU for management of prematurity and down syndrome. A cardiac murmur was detected during her admission assessment; therefore, an echocardiogram was performed on 11/07/16. The echocardiogram showed a large perimembranous ventricular septal defect. She was followed by her cardiologist and her case was discussed at the Interdisciplinary Cardiac Case Conference, in which a consensus of the group agreed that the newborn needed surgery to achieve closure of the ventricular septal defect. She then underwent surgery on 01/26/17 and is currently four days post-operative. A. S. is progressing slowly and is being

Thanks for bringing up the idea of genetic counseling, because dominant and recessive genes are revealed and making the diagnosis will be much easier. As we know, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a common inherited cardiac disorder. The thickening of the septal wall decreases the outflow to the left ventricle wall. Increased heart rate and decrease intravascular volume leads to the obstruction of the left ventricular outflow. If the condition is not resolved ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death may occur and this is commonly seem in more than 33% of young athletes (Huether & McCance, 2012). Individuals with such family history needs consistent health check up with the cardiologist. Good job.

problems with the valves in or chambers in your heart. You may have symptom’s that lead up to

When my mom was 5 months pregnant with me during a routine ultrasound the doctors discovered that I would be born with a heart condition. I have three different disorders, which are Atrioventricular canal defect also known as congenital defect, Heterotaxy, and Pulmonary Atresia. Atrioventricular canal is a condition that occurs when there’s a hole between the heart’s chambers and problems with the valves that regulate blood flow into the heart. Heterotaxy syndrome is a rare birth defect that involves the heart and other organs. Pulmonary Atresia is defined as a birth defect