How Trichinella Spiralis Is Characterized As The Best Member Of Trichinella Genus

The lifecycle of a heartworms begins when a female mosquito ingest blood containing microfilariae from a heartworm infected animal. Inside the body of the mosquito, the microfilariae develops into first stage larvae (L1) and then undergoes two more process to develop into third stage larvae (L3) of which is the infective stage. Depending on the temperature, this development process can take between eight and thirty days. At this point, when the infected mosquito attaches to a cat and feeds on its blood, the third-stage larva is transferred into the mosquito bite wound. Within three days of entering the cat, the L3 molt to the L4 stage in the tissues and muscles that lay just below the skin of the cat. After about two months of migrating through the muscles and tissues, the L4 undergoes a final development into immature adult heartworms. Seventy to ninety days post infection, the immature adult heartworms then enter a peripheral vein and are carried by the cat’s blood circulation system to the caudal pulmonary arteries. This is where the majority of heartworms are cleared from the cat due to a mass immune response, but a few may continue development into adults. Once the heartworm develop into adults, they invade the heart first and then spread to other organs in the body and cause

The most common way this disease is transmitted from one animal to the next is through mosquitoes. A mosquito carrying infective heartworm larvae bites a dog and transmits the infection to them. The larvae grow, develop, and migrate in the body over a period of 6 to 7 months, in which time they become sexually mature male and female worms. this is the prepatent period. The worms then reside in the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels. The worms begin to mate and release microfilaria into the blood

The organism adheres to the epithelial cells in its host by pilli. This opportunistic pathogen can affect people of all ages and specifically targets patients that have immune deficiencies, debilitating diseases, and infants in the NICU. Patients are at greater risk of contracting the organism if they have recently had a surgery, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter, arterial catheterization, inhalation medication therapy, tracheal tubes, or have low apgar scores. It can cause a variety of diseases and infections such as urinary tract infections, meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory tract infections, keratoconjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, keratitis, endocarditis, cutaneous infections, and endophthalmitis. (Currey,

When the infective larvae on the pasture are eaten by the sheep they develop in the 4th stage larvae and become adults. This stage is called the host stage as they need to live inside a host (the sheep) or the worms will die. They live inside the sheep’s abomasum during which they lay eggs and will spend the rest of their lives and the whole cycle repeats itself

How the disease was transmitted was further looked on by Nelson (1995). According to the said author, the disease was transmitted primarily by fleas and rats. The stomachs of the fleas were infected with bacteria known Y. Pestis. Nelson held that “the bacteria would block the "throat" of infected fleas so that no blood could reach their stomachs, and they grew ravenous since they were starving to death” (1995, par. 14). The bacteria would then attempt to suck up blood from their victims, only to disgorge it back into their preys' bloodstreams (Nelson, 1995). Now, however, the victims' blood was mixed with Y. Pestis. Fleas infected rats in this fashion, and the rats spread the disease to other rats and fleas before dying (Nelson, 1995). Without rodent hosts, the fleas then migrated to the bodies of humans and infected them in the same fashion as they had the rats .

far more dangerous, due to the potential that the larva will migrate to the brain,

Y. pestis has multiple virulence factors which is activated upon entering into the mammalian host (resulting in a change of temperature from lower temperature to around 37°C). For invasion, it has a protease called the plasminogen activator (Pla) that breaks down fibrin. This allows it to spread systemically from the original inoculation site (area of flea bite). This bacterium also has a hemin storage system, which enables it to survive in phagocytic cells and enhances uptake into eukaryotic (host’s) cells. Y. pestis also encode a type 3 secretion system (T3SS), which is a secretion system made up of macromolecular structures that lines the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It enables the direct translocation, from bacterial cytosol into host cells, of

Trichomoniasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, which is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million people in the United States 525. T vaginalis infection, affects over 11% of women age 40 years and above627 and 13% of black women in the United States 628. Particularly high prevalences have been detected among STD clinic patients 629(26% of symptomatic women tested) and incarcerated individuals (9–32% of incarcerated women,134,135,627,630,631 and 2–9% of incarcerated men screened) 135,136,632,633. Some infected men have (Sutcliffe S, Newman SB, Hardick A, Gaydos CA.) Peer Review Article.

Trichamoniasis Vaginalis ( T. Vaginalis) lives primarily in the vagina or bladder where it favors an environment that allows it to grow and multiply, i.e. one that is high in moisture and low in oxygen. (Lazenby, 2013).

Trombiculid mites usually lay egg on soil, leaves or grass about 40 eggs/month and hatch in next 1-2 weeks (5) after deutovum phase, 6 legged larvae or Chigger mites clime to plants and wait for host. Normal mites require 80% of humidity in air so that they are not found up to 30 cm. of ground (6). Chigger mites feed on vertebrate hosts such as small mammals, birds and reptiles, for 3-4 days (5), they feed by penetrate stratum corneum with feeding tube and inject digestive enzymes that allow digest tissue consume up then drop down from host and continue mature nymph and adult stages (8 legs)

G. spinigerum has a many host life history. The first intermediate host is a small fresh-water crustacean, a cyclopoid copepod (Prommas and Daengsvan, 1933). The eggs hatch in fresh water and water fleas of the genus Cyclops eat the larvae. The water fleas are eaten by small fish. The larvae end up in the stomachs of carnivores. The larva pierce through the stomach wall and relocate around in the host's body for about three months before returning to the stomach and attaching itself in the gastric mucosa. It takes six months to mature. The eggs are carried in the host's feces. If they reach fresh water then the cycle begins again. Paratenic hosts are an important part of the life cycle, and it has been found that the advanced third-stage larvae

There are four types of Helminth Infections; in which, they consist of: Intestinal stress as the primary symptom, Intestinal distress accompanied by Migratory symptoms, Cysticercosis, and Schistosomiasis: liver disease. Intestinal stress as the primary symptom occurs when the intestinal tract gets infected; Intestinal distress by migratory symptoms occurs when the helminth enters the body, matures, then travels all throughout the intestines, circulatory and lymphatic systems, heart and lungs, respiratory tree, and throat; Cysticerosis is a tapeworm that attaches to the intestine; and Schistosomiasis occurs when the liver swells or malfunctions accompanied with eosinophilia. The diagnoses for helminthic infections and diseases are approached

It is true that Protists have specialized organelles that cannot be found in other eukaryotic cells. According to OpenStax (2015), most protists are unicellular microscopic organisms that can be found in the soil, freshwater, and marine environments. It is all about the environment for some eukaryotes. For instance, there is a general concept that eukaryotes have a mitochondrion which serves as the powerhouse of the cell. However, when the environment in which the eukaryote is located lack sufficient oxygen, they also lack mitochondria and instead enclose an alternative form of an organelle called a hydrogenosome (Embley et al., 2003). This organelle is present in Trichomonas Vaginalis, a primitive protist (Johnson, Lahti & Bradley, 1993).

     Transmission of the parasite can occur in several different ways. Direct transmission can occur by handling infected animal or human feces. One quarter of reported direct transmission infections occurred by direct contact with feces, while the rest were reported to have happened by person to person contact (Donnelly & Stentiford, 1997).

Not only are humans threatened by viral and bacterial infections, there are various parasites that also invade the human body. Parasitic infections are common in underdeveloped countries and are a prominent threat in rural areas. Though parasitic infections are known to happen in well-developed countries such as the United States. Contaminated water supplies, contact with infected animals, and improperly stored and cooked food can lead to parasitic infections. Parasites like tapeworms, protozoa, flukes, and nematodes can infect humans, causing serious health issues. These parasites enter through various parts of the body, and then live and reproduce in certain organs. Though there are many points of entry into the human body, most parasites enter