How Trypanosoma Brucei Is The African Sleeping Sickness?

This mode of transmission, like malaria, can leave the host deadly sick. Its a cycle, with the parasite in the host, a mosquito will carry the blood with the parasite and inject it into a different host.

In the film, Foul Water, Fiery Serpent, former president, Jimmy Carter shows his process of eradicating Guinea Worm disease. With the help of Director Gary Strieker, Carter educates viewers on how the disease forms, how it has spread throughout countries, and how it will soon be defeated. When Guinea worm first surfaced, there were 3.5 million cases in 20 countries worldwide. With the help of Jimmy Carter, his campaign members, and many more, they have managed to drop these cases down to 3,190 by the year 2009. With some statistical facts at the end of the documentary, Guinea worm is likely to be the next disease in the history of mankind to be eradicated from the earth, right after smallpox. It was also the first parasitic disease to be eradicated, and the first disease to be eradicated without the use of vaccines or medicines. With this campaign, reported cases went from 4,136 in 2007, to 242 cases by 2009 in Ghana alone. None of this would have been possible if it were not for the awareness in global health, and the mission to make the world a healthier, safer place to live.

Since the feline species are the only recognized host of T. gondii, the parasite must pass through the feline digestive system in order to complete its life cycle and reproduce (NOAA, 2013). The parasite multiplies within the feline digestive tract, releasing the parasitic eggs through the cat’s feces (NOAA, 2013). The parasitic eggs infect other non-feline species, including mice and birds, which is a common source of transmission to uninfected cats (NOAA, 2013). Rainfall can wash the cat feces into the ocean where the parasitic eggs remain viable for up to two years (NOAA,

The disease was caused by rats and rat fleas but, also from human to human by breathing the same air. Scientists know that the bacillus travels from person to person, through

Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty-eight to seventy-two hours, the blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.

One of the devastating diseases that was carried to East Africa was sleeping sickness (Ransford 111). The tsetse fly carries the sleeping sickness parasite, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and transmits it through its bite (African Trypanosomiasis). The isolated tribe’s total lack of immunity and the eastern migratory shift increased both the severity and rapidity of this disease for Eastern African regions. For example, the decline in the population of Lukolela from less than 6,000 in 1891 to only a little more than 700 in 1896, is due to this type of disease transference (Ransford 128).

Typhus is a deadly disease. It is caused by infection, which comes from rickettsia bacteria. Fleas, lice, ticks, and mites transmit rickettsia bacteria when they bite you. There are 3 types of Typhus. The 3 types are endemic, epidemic, and scrub. Epidemic Typhus is caused by lice, ticks, and body louse. Endemic Typhus is caused by flea, rats, and cat flea. Scrub Typhus is caused by louse, mites, fleas, ticks, and lice. You can easily get scrub Typhus in lice-infected areas. Once the bacteria is in the bloodstream, they continue to reproduce and grow. Typhus can last for 10-12 days at a time. All of the symptoms can occur. Typhus leaves red dots on the human skin. It can become deadly if left untreated. Although the 2 major (most common) types

Her infection began when she was bitten by a mosquito which was seeking her protein-rich blood to nourish its eggs. As part of the process of sucking the droplet of blood from the girl, the mosquito, simultaneously injected saliva to ease the flow of blood into its proboscis. Malaria-causing pathogens gathered in the mosquito’s salivary glands and traveled into the girl’s body. Once in the body, the wormlike parasites moved to the girl’s liver to embed themselves allowing them to feed and multiply. By the time a week had passed, each parasite had consumed an entire liver cell and had replicated upwards of 40,000 times. A short time later the infected cells had exploded and the parasites had reentered her bloodstream. Now showing symptoms

How the disease was transmitted was further looked on by Nelson (1995). According to the said author, the disease was transmitted primarily by fleas and rats. The stomachs of the fleas were infected with bacteria known Y. Pestis. Nelson held that “the bacteria would block the "throat" of infected fleas so that no blood could reach their stomachs, and they grew ravenous since they were starving to death” (1995, par. 14). The bacteria would then attempt to suck up blood from their victims, only to disgorge it back into their preys' bloodstreams (Nelson, 1995). Now, however, the victims' blood was mixed with Y. Pestis. Fleas infected rats in this fashion, and the rats spread the disease to other rats and fleas before dying (Nelson, 1995). Without rodent hosts, the fleas then migrated to the bodies of humans and infected them in the same fashion as they had the rats .

The parasite is passed from an infected person to an uninfected person during sex. In women, the most commonly infected part of the body is the lower genital tract (vulva, vagina, or urethra), and in men, the most commonly infected body part is the inside of the penis (urethra). During sex, the parasite is usually transmitted from a penis to a vagina, or from a vagina to a penis, but it can also be passed from a vagina to another vagina. It is not common for the parasite to infect other body parts, like the hands, mouth, or anus.

hominis gets inside the intestinal tract. All we know is that the cyst wall thins out and thickens thorough the intestinal tract, and then it exits through the exertion in form of feces. Therefore, the parasite will be transmitted in many ways. But, the form that spreads the most parasite is the feces-oral method. For example, if someone uses the restroom and does not wash their hands, and afterwards they go into the kitchen and handle food they are spreading B. hominis to the person who will take the food. B. hominis has no know signs or symptoms. Someone who has B. hominis might not even know unless they are tested for it’; since, the symptoms are difficult to show. But, it is well known symptom that this parasite shows are diarrhea. In result of this, the parasite is carried through diarrhea or digestive

Biological transmission occurs when the pathogen reproduces within a biological vector that transmits the pathogen from one host to another . Arthropods are the main vectors responsible for biological transmission. For example, hemipterans (called “kissing bugs” or “assassin bugs”) transmit Chagas disease to humans by defecating when they bite, after which the hu-man scratches or rubs the infected feces into a mucous membrane or break in the

The parasite is passed from an infected individual to a uninfected individual during sex. In ladies, the most ordinarily tainted piece of the body is the lower genital tract (vulva, vagina, or urethra), and in men, the most common contaminated body part is within the penis (urethra). During sex, the parasite is normally transmitted from a penis to a vagina, or from a vagina to a penis, however it can likewise

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most interesting parasites known to date. It has a facultative heteroxenous life cycle and it can infect all warm-blooded animal including mammals, birds and humans. T. gondii is prevalent in most countries of the world and is of medical importance, because it may cause abortion or congenital disease in its intermediate hosts (Tenter et al. 2000). In its intermediate host, T. gondii undergoes two phases of asexual development. During the first phase tachyzoites multiply in different types of host cells. The last generations of tachyzoites initiate the second phase of development, which results in the formation of cysts in the intermediate host. Within the cyst, bradyzoites multiply rapidly and these cysts readily form in the neural and muscular tissues of the host. However, they may also be found in visceral organs such as the lungs and liver( Tenter et al. 2000). These cysts are immediately infectious to the intermediate host. In many intermediate hosts the cysts may persist for the life of the host giving rise to a latent infection. If the cysts are ingested by a definitive host, the bradyzoites initiate another asexual phase, which consists of repeated endopolygeny in epithelial cells of the small intestine (Tenter et al. 2000). Then comes the sexual phase of the lifecycle. Oocyst formation takes place in the epithelium of the small intestine and unsporulated oocysts are released into the intestine and passed out with defecation. Sporogony

     Transmission of the parasite can occur in several different ways. Direct transmission can occur by handling infected animal or human feces. One quarter of reported direct transmission infections occurred by direct contact with feces, while the rest were reported to have happened by person to person contact (Donnelly & Stentiford, 1997).