How Was The X-Ray Diffraction Spectrum Of All Sulfurized Co-Doped Films

Compared to TiO2, Figure 26a and 26b, which represent the XRD for titania film, it is observed that the crystallinity increases with temperature, which is the same behavior as with zinc oxide films. Furthermore, there is great difference between the samples with SiO2 layer and those without barrier layer. In the samples without barrier layer, sodium diffusion inhibit crystals growing in the film [7].

The Fe-Co deposit obtained from ethaline and reline was successfully deposited on a copper substrate by maintaining a steady potential of 3.0 V at 60℃ for 2 hours. The Fe-Co coating from reline was dark black in colour, whereas the Fe-Co coating from ethaline appeared to show a tint of grey on the surface. The Fe-Co deposits in both liquids were smooth and uniform. Figure 6.3 a and b show the SEM images of Fe-Co deposited from ethaline and reline. It is clear from the images that there is a variation in morphology from both liquids. The Fe-Co coating from reline appears to show a more nodular shaped structure which is evenly spread on the surface of the copper substrate when compared to Figure 6.3 a.

Sulphur’s physical properties are that it’s pale yellow, brittle, translucent, has poor heat conductivity and is tasteless.

The bond lengths and mid bond electron density values for Ba-O and Ti-O bonds of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (x=0.2, 0.4 & 0.6) are given in table 2.15. The value of mid bond electron density along Ba-O bond decreases with respect to Sr incorporation. The values of electron density show the increase in ionic nature of the prepared samples due to Sr doping. Along the Ti-O bond, the mid bond density values show increasing trend with the addition of Sr content which confirms the decrement in ionic nature

The diffusion process plays an important role in the field of metallurgy and fabrication of extrinsic semiconductors. The technology of controlled diffusion plays a sensitive role in accomplishment of desired devices. The metals, in their pure form, are soft and do not possess large tensile strength. Their properties can be modified by the process of alloying in a controlled manner. The

The FTIR spectrum of CoCaOxM crystals were as shown in Fig 3. In FTIR spectrum, a strong band at 3434cm-1 and 3062cm-1 is due to asymmetric and symmetric OH stretching while an intense absorptions band at 3261cm-1 show inters molecular hydrogen bonded OH stretch. Intense absorption band at 1612cm-1 and 1318cm-1 can be assigned to asymmetric and symmetric C=O stretching bands specific to the Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate. The sharp band at 885cm-1 is due to C-C stretching vibrations which confirm the existence of oxalate group in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate. The sharp peak at 781cm-1 is due to O-C=O and the wideband at 665cm-1 can be assigned to the bending modes of the water molecule. However, the peak at 518cm-1 is assigned to the presence of metal-oxygen bond (18-21). Thus FTIR reveals that the growth of COM crystals was due to the presence of O-H stretching, C=O, C-C, O-C=O and M=O bonds.

Powder XRD spectra of NCs showed three well-defined peaks around 2θ = 16°, 22.5°, and 34.5° pertaining to crystalline nature of cellulose with a sharp peak at 22.5° corresponding to 002 lattice plane (Fig. 6.7). The crystallinity of SC-CNCs was mainly due to plant nanocellulose, illustrating the structure of cellulose I (Chan et al., 2013). NCs also showed a few other peaks at 38°, 44°, 64°, and 77° that are related to well crystallized and face-centered cubic structure of metallic AgNPs (Dubey et al., 2015). As the peaks of cellulose were present and also no other peaks from impurities were noticed in NCs samples indicated that only physical interaction existed between AgNPs and SC-CNCs matrix (Li et al., 2014).

Introduction: Semiconductor Nps and thin films have recently attracted much attention due to their applications in optoelectronics, photocatalysis, microelectronics, energy conversion industries and nonlinear optics [1-3]. These materials have been a new generation of advanced materials due to their novel structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties originating from size quantization [4]. PbS is an important IV-VI semiconductor material because of its direct bandgap of 0.41 eV and its exciton Bohr radius of 18nm at room temperature. Therefore when crystal sizes are smaller than the Bohr radius, such a small bandgap and a large exciton Bohr radius make it as an interesting system for studying the effect of size confinement. PbS Nps may also be useful in electroluminescent devices such as light emitting diodes and optical switch devices. Many physical and chemical properties such as melting point, color, bandgap, optical and electronic properties of materials strongly depend on the particle sizes [5-8]. Different morphologies can play roles in the properties. They include nanocrystals [9], nanorods [10-11], nanotubes [10], nanocubes [12], star shapes [13], dendrites [12, 14], and flower-like crystals [15]. All can be prepared by different methods, such as hydrothermal and solvothermal [16, 12], vacuum deposition [17], electrochemical deposition [18], pulsed laser deposition [19], microwave

Figure 7. (a-c) Different shapes of MoS2 grown by CVD methods based on MoO3 precursors and Sulphur [9]

The compositional variation of recorded at room temperature is shown in Fig. 13. It is clear that, as Al concentration increases increase up to its maximum value at x = 0.4 and then decreases. The initial permeability of ferrite material depends on many factors like reversible domain wall displacement, domain wall bulging as well as microstructural features viz., average grain size, intra-granular porosity, etc. [35]. According to Globus model [65], the initial permeability is dependent on the grain size, saturation magnetization, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy, , where , and D are saturation magnetization, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant and the average grain size, respectively. Generally, the larger grain sizes,

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The seebeck effect is a phenomenon by which a temperature difference between two conductors or semiconductors of

Among the others metal NPs, the recent interest in the CuNPs is propelled by both, the advances of these NPs as a frugal alternatives for sumptuous metal NPs in the area of micro-electronics applications as well as the possibility of exploring them as ultimate antimicrobial agent.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an analytical technique that originated in the photoelectric effect, described by Einstein way back in 1905 [2]. Its measurements for characterization of solid surfaces are undertaken under vacuum conditions by retarding field methods. The application of the XPS techniques has several advantages as discussed in this topic.

In this project, I fabricated thin films of cobalt iron alloy of different thickness by electrodeposition technique and studied the domain and dynamics of the domain walls by taking measurements from magnetic force microscopy (MFM). I measured the roughness by taking measurements from Atomic force microscopy. I characterized the films with XRD which showed the crystal structure of the film. The SEM images of Cobalt iron film exhibited nano crystallized structure and the variation of granular size as a function of the potential at which the film deposited.