How White Tailed Deer Affect Native And Invasive Plant Species Populations Essay

Through strictly regulated hunting we have reintroduced and repopulated various game species into areas where they were previously wiped out due to extremely excessive hunting by settlers. In the early 1900s all of Indiana’s whitetail deer were virtually extinct. By the 1930s whitetail deer were beginning to be reintroduced into Indiana. In just 20 years after initial reintroduction the population was at a sustainable level so that regulated modern hunting programs could begin. Conservationism has been a necessity to the ecology of the United States and many other countries around the world. The U.S. Forest Service by itself manages 193 million acres of public land nationwide or roughly 8% of the total land in the United States. The management of this land would not be feasible without the funding hunters provide through licenses, tags, and stamps. The 193 million acres does not include any public recreational land on the state level. There is 2,260,380 acres of public hunting land in all the states

“Many plant species have been affected by this, due to deer only eating specific species of plants, some have become overpopulated due to the fact that they are not being controlled by the wildlife in the woods.”

Today I am going to talk about the white tailed deer and coyote population across South Carolina. As you can imagine the white-tailed deer population has decreased and the coyote population has increased. I think that one day the white-tailed deer will be an almost extinct species and the coyote will end up being a species that is overpowering the United States of America. This is important because if the coyote do come overpowering, then mankind population will start decreasing and only people in bomb shelters will survive but only for a few years.

When people talk about deer, they are commonly talking about the North American Whitetail. That is because they are so prevalent in this country. They can be found in every state in the US. The only place where you will not find any whitetails is in parts of Arizona and California. In most states the whitetail is very prevalent, especially in the northeast. They are one of the most hunted animals in this area, particularly in Pennsylvania and Michigan. Despite the amount they are hunted, both in and out of season, you can not drive more than a few miles out of the towns without seeing one that was hit by a car. The deer population in this area just keeps growing. It is unclear what

When you think of a mammal who regularly kills humans, the white-tailed deer does not come to mind. Unfortunately, the white-tailed deer often jumps in front of vehicles, causing more than one million collisions resulting in over two hundred deaths a year. In James Gorman’s article, he persuaded me that by bringing the eastern cougar back to its original home, the number of deaths would significantly reduce. He explains both the benefits and downsides of cougars returning to their natural habitat.

It examines the how browsers can encourage positive conditions for temperate forest soils, such as providing extra nitrogen in the soils as a fertilizer. They found evidence that deer populations promote plant species biodiversity because it promotes invasive species that thrive off of degradation and habitat disturbance. Also, researchers found one cost about deer browsing was that even though it promotes plant biodiversity, it also decrease the amount of palatable, or edible, plant species. This is useful in my paper because it provides a different outlook of the effects of deer because most articles are negative towards deer browsing. The authors of this paper all work for the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service as research ecologists, all have their doctorates in ecology and/or biology. This finding sharply contrasts with the negative impact that deer have when their populations kill and over browse, harming native plant

The Puget Sound Prairies, are an important example of a rare and unique ecosystem, that are quickly disappearing. Their disappearance is mainly due to human development and invasive plants, specifically nonnative perennial grasses, which pose another serious threat to these prairies (Stanley, Kaye, & Dunwitti, 2008).

All animals have their own distinct way of communicating to one another and to other species around them. A white tailed deer is one of the most common types of deer in the United States. A male deer is known as a buck while a female deer is known as a doe and her babies are known as fawns. Bucks are usually bigger in size than does. Deer go through a breeding season that causes bucks to go into rut, where they are less cautious with what and where they go and more active than usual. White tailed deer communicate through scent, visual presentation, and vocally.

The animals which were identified as a nuisance to agricultural crops were deer, raccoons and groundhogs (MacGowan et al., n.d). In some states, feral hogs would be added to that list, as well as coyotes (only in areas that grow melons). As noted by Sramek, (n.d.) “Coyotes are known for their particular fondness of watermelons and cantaloupes and will readily seek them as a food source” (Coyote diets, para. 3). We limited the project to whitetail deer, due to a readily available test field located in an area populated by whitetail deer; and whitetail deer are ranked as one of the leading animals causing crop damage (Belant, Seamans, & Tyson, 1998, January). Additionally, whitetails have shown the ability to habituate very quickly to many techniques used to scare them off (Hildreth, Hygnstrom, & Vercauteren, 2013). Given that whitetail deer are skittish

The National Park Service (NPS) and the U. S. Department of the Interior (USDI) drafted the Catoctin Mountain National Park Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (2006) to impart knowledge of a need for action to facilitate the regeneration of vegetation and reforestation of the park. A population of white-tailed deer that was exceeding an estimated 100 individual animals per square mile was over browsing the vegetation. According to the EIS a population of 15 to 20 individuals is optimal to protect herd health and allow regeneration of the vegetation. The EIS listed four alternatives that were investigated in depth according to the National Environmental Protection Act requirements (FHWA, n.d.) these

From all the plants at Kit Carson, I have found one native invasive species I found, is known as the Brazilian Pepper plant. This plant is a native evergreen shrub. The plants has red edible berries, while the leaves have a soft fuzzy texture. This plant widely infiltrated throughout Florida, Hawaii, Bermuda, Bahamas, and recently California. This plant spreads because of the small animals that eat there berries and disperse the seeds throughout the area. This plants spreads rapidly which cause threats to natural vegetation and the organisms that feast of of that vegetation. What makes it even worse is that it is a salt tolerant plant, able to withstands floods, fires, droughts, and can sprout immediately after being cut down. It ability it

Influence on ecosystems range from human causes like the bulldozing of a forest to natural causes like a fire or a flood.  In recent times, the introduction and spread of invasive species has transformed native communities rapidly and, in some cases, created irreversible damages.  In the Earth’s history, changes have often occurred in the ecosystems.  For example, glaciers and the retreat of glaciers cause wide-spread changes.  However, although change is a constant in ecosystems, animals and habitats often cannot adapt to the rapid alterations of non-natural stresses.  Harm to the environment from the introduction of invasive species occurs through changes in the habitat and declines in the native species.  Invasive species

However, we find that Centaurea diffusa, a noxious weed in North America, has much stronger negative effects on grass species from North America than on closely related grass species from communities to which Centaurea is native. Centaurea's advantage against North American species appears to be due to differences in the effects of its root exudates and how these root exudates affect competition for resources. Our results may help to explain why some exotic species so successfully invade natural plant communities. Negative impacts of invasive plants on natives have been well documented, but much less is known about whether invasive plants can cause population level declines. We used demographic models to investigate the effects of two invasive grasses on the demography and population growth of Anemone patens, a long-lived native perennial of North American

Climate change and concomitant shifts in extreme events may favored invasive plants over to native by affecting species demographic processes, mortality, and competitive interactions between species (Hellman et al. 2008; Diez et al. 2012; Leishman and Gallagher 2015). All aspects of extreme events, however may not necessarily favor invasive over native, instead effects on native and invasive species and their responses to the events are uneven and species and context dependent (Leishman and Gallagher 2015 and references therein). For instance, salinity stress from hurricane generated storm surge and sea level rise has shown to impact native and invasive coastal plants differently (Pathikonda et al. 2009; Paudel and Battaglia 2013). Still missing

The biodiversity effects of non-native invasive species have been described as “immense, insidious and usually irreversible” (Veitch and Clout, 2002). There is significant evidence proving that invasive species can cause severe economic, environmental and ecological damage (Mack et al., 2000). A lot of time and research has been devoted to dividing the world into regions with distinctive habitats and species. Numerous pathways, mostly anthropogenic, are breaking down these realms and facilitating the ecological and biological invasion of non-native species.