How X-Rays Interact With Tissue

Furthermore, X-ray of higher energy than required for imaging is used for radiation therapy. The radiation therapy makes use of ionization radiation (and no images) for the treatment of diseases, such as

- Even though the X-ray expose patient to harmful radiation it is used to see inside the human body and diagnose broken bones, gallstones and later tuberculosis.

I. Ordinary X-rays are used to diagnose many conditions and can be used to see a variety of things in the body,

1895 – X-rays were discovered accidentally by physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen. Rontgen was working on a experiment and testing whether cathode rays could pass through glass. He noticed that a nearby tube emitted fluorescent glow of crystals. The air in the tube was released, high voltage applied, the same tube emitted a fluorescent glow. When Rontgen covered the tube in a heavy black paper, a green light could be seen. He concluded that a new light ray was being broadcast. Rontgen discovered that the light was very powerful and the same ray could pass through human tissue, but not through bones and metal objects. Medical applications were soon to follow. ("History of radiography," )

X-rays have numerous different effects on the tissues of the body, depending on the time of exposure and energy of the X-ray photons. Best contrast between different tissues is when the photon energy is about 30 keV, for diagnostic purposes. Resulting in the photoelectric effect dominating at this energy. The tissues absorb X-rays and electrons are released. The X-ray absorption depends on the number of protons in the nuclei of the atoms encountered. A high number will attenuate the beam, producing a strong x-ray shadow, enabling for a high quality image of

Again, as with all the other instances the effect would only be greater on children due to their thinner skull and less effective blood brain barrier. In examining the image from the Penn State study the tail of a DNA strand will be measured, this tail is the breakage of the DNA due to radiation. The area of the breakage in the DNA from the x-ray is less than double the size of that from mobile phone radiation, which is significant since, per many allegations, the radiation is supposed to have no effect on cells. The overall area of the unexposed DNA has decreased by over 50\% which means that much of the sample has been damaged and has broken off. When using MATLAB image segmentation function an even more obvious difference is shown. Image segmentation breaks the image down into small parts making even minute differences more obvious. Figure 1 shows the difference between the unexposed DNA on the top and the Figure 2 shows DNA exposed to 2 hours of 2.45 Ghz of microwaves. The tail of the DNA is the breakage of the covenant bonds in the DNA, this could possibly lead to sporadic

The backscatter X-ray machines are much weaker than the machines that are being used in the hospitals by the doctors. The rays of backscatter X-ray machines do not go through the flesh of the body. It will only penetrate the clothing and almost an inch into the body where the tissues in the body will scatter and reflect the rays back to the sensor.

During an experiment he placed his hand between the source of the X-ray, the cathode-ray tube and a screen and saw the faint outline of the bones of his hand. It was the first X-ray picture. The more dense bone absorbed more X-rays then the less dense flesh producing an image of his hand. He soon learned that photographic plates were sensitive to X-ray as they are to light and was thus able to make the first X-ray photography. These first "Roentgen exposures" were of various metal objects that were locked in a wooden case and of his wife's hand.

"So why get registered? Let 's take for an example of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. They were not fully aware of how much radiation their brain scans were giving off and doctor 's were astonished by what they discovered. "The overdose was discovered when a patient reported lost patches of hair following a CT scan. The error remained unchecked for 18 months, involved more than 200 people, and exacerbated existing concerns that patients nationwide are being exposed to excess radiation during medical testing. Diagnostic imaging tests have increased Americans ' average radiation exposure seven times since 1980. Increased exposure leads to increased cancer risk although they claim that no one suffered any long-term damage from their overexposure at Cedars-Sinai, there’s no guarantee that this is the case. Some of the more than 200 patients affected received twice as much radiation as the average cancer patient would receive in one treatment, and these people did not have cancer cells to eradicate. And it’s already known that increased exposure to radiation increases your cancer risk. In fact, according to John Gofman, MD, PhD, there is strong evidence that 50 percent of the death rate from cancer, and 60 percent of the death rate from ischemic heart disease today are induced by ionizing radiation treatments. The concept of x-ray-induced cases means “cases that would not exist were it not for exposure to x-rays.”

With being the operator of the x-ray you should only be pointed at your head and not your chest, organs, or even the fetus unless you get an abdominal x-ray but even then the risk of radiation exposure is lower than the chance of needing an abdominal x-ray. Other precautions you should take to avoid the scatter radiation is stand be hand a wall or lead barrier if using a wall mount machine, or if using a hand help(nomad) x-ray machine you should apply a lead apron to you and your patients. If you are the patient and are getting the x-ray, make sure you tell the dental team that you are or might be pregnant so that they can make sure they do everything that

The effects of radiation can be hazardous to any part of the human body. In this guide I will explain the advantages, and disadvantages of x-ray radiation. I will also discuss the technological advances that we have today then of what we had the past on the human body during radiation exposure. I will explain preventions of exposure and safety precautions that we as dental assistants as well as patients can follow to stay safe.

X-rays are of two kinds within the ems, the two kinds are the soft x-rays and the hard x-rays. The soft x-rays as the name suggests refers to a higher and bigger wavelength compared to hard x-rays but has a very small wavelength compared to the others and one of the largest frequency and energy but lesser than the hard x-rays. The wavelength starts at 10-7 to 10-10 meters and the average size is between a protein and a water molecule, the frequency of soft x-rays is between 1016 and 1018 and the energy ranges from anywhere between 102 and 104 electric volts. The hard x-rays have lesser wavelength with less size but higher frequency and energy. The energy starting from 104 and going up, and the frequency starting from 1018 and going up from

Since the technologies being used only bounce waves of the body surface, this leaves then skin highly exposed to concentrated amounts of radiation. Health side effect studies of full body scanners have been labeled classified and inaccessible to the general public. Four professors from the University of California- San Francisco, whom are well respected cancer, X-ray crystallographers and imaging experts stated in a letter to the Obama administration that, “The low-energy rays do a “Compton scatter” off tissue layers just under the skin, possibly exposing some vital areas and leaving the tissues at risk of mutation. When an X-ray Compton scatters, it doesn’t shift an electron to a higher energy level; instead, it hits the electron hard enough to dislodge it from its atom.” The authors note that this process is “likely breaking bonds,” which could cause mutations in cells and raise the risk of cancer (Johnston). Furthermore, the UCSF researchers write in their letter, “older passengers are more susceptible to mutagenic effects of X-rays, and “the risk of

radiation (the kind used in X-rays) is known to cause cancer at high doses, the risks of

With this stability and mass production, x-rays machines became very common everywhere. From large factories, to doctors offices, all the way to the corner store of small towns, where children and adults alike could insert a coin into a machine and view the bones in their feet. (3.) Because of their relative adolescences in the world, not much was known about x-rays or their effects on the human body. The first theories about the rays’ effects on the human body were that they had beneficial applications. With this being the only theory about their effect, widespread use went on, unmonitored, and unregulated. This unregulated use led to injuries but because of their slow onset the injuries were never attributed to x-rays. While some scientists tied certain skin burns to over exposure of x-rays it wasn’t until popular minds of the world like Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla and William J. Morton expressed that they experienced eye pain when dealing with the rays for extended periods of time that people began to connect the dots and understand the negative