How do expectations and schemata affect memory

This study investigated which areas other than the hippocampus might be involved in memory. Historically, studies show that is the primary brain area involved in storage of memories. However, Wang, Teixeira, Wheeler , and Frankland (2012) predicted that the precision of the older memories is not dependent on the hippocampus.

The giraffe eventually evolved into the shape we know today. Their height gives them many advantages in the wild. One of the advantages is the ability to see great distances and have a high vantage point of view. This allows for the giraffe to be vigilant and keep a watchful eye out for predators(Skinner 2010). Its increased hight also allows for greater sexual dominance. The male giraffes fight each other by swinging their heads around and hitting each other with their heads. An increased neck length aids in this battle.(Simmons 2010) Last the neck allows for greater access to food and nutrients(Skinner 2010). With their necks being so long, they are able to reach very high trees and eat with ease. This would allow the giraffes with tall necks a greater chance for survival and passing on their

Giraffes are the tallest land animals in the world, that’s something they needed to be in the harsh lands of Africa. Every animal has some sort of special characteristic about them. They could have some special organs, or they could have a special sense. The giraffes have one of the tallest babies at birth. If they Giraffe wasn’t tall and didn’t have a long neck, it wouldn’t make it in the dry and unforgiving lands of Africa.

Memory attributions are based on various qualitative features of the mental experience. Previous studies have found that despite one experiences an intuitive sense of memory, in which the person believes to be an accurate recording of an encounter; empirical results have shown that this experience can be a reconstructive process, which can lead to the development of false memories (Farrants, 1998; Schacter and Addis, 2007). Past researchers have referred ‘false memories’ as memories that took place within experiments, but experiences that do not correspond to experimentally presented stimuli (Roediger & McDermott, 1995; McDermott, 1996; Payne et al., 1996; Read, 1996; Robinson & Roediger, 1997 cited in Gleaves, Smith, Butler & Spiegel, 2004).

The human memory is subject to a multitude of errors, including source misattributions, distortion and creation of false memories. In order to do justice to this paper one must first determine what is “False memory”? False memory is memory for an event that did not occur or distorted memory of actual events (Gleaves, Smith, Butler, & Spiegel, 2004). This type of memory has been an area of intense research interest for both theoretical and practical reasons and psychologists have long been interested in memory illusions and distortions, as such errors can inform theories of how the memory works (Hunt & Ellis, 2004).

The interference of the stress response with memory consolidation is what often leads to repression of memories or repression of details regarding traumatic experiences. Some individuals may forget significant details surrounding the traumatic event, while others may forget the entire experience (MentalHealthBlog)’’.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, found in the glucocorticoids (GC) class of hormones. It controls many physiological processes, vital for the survival of humans. This includes “metabolism, immune response, cardiovascular activity, and brain function” (Chung et al. 2011). Over and above control functions, cortisol also helps regulate blood pressure and its use of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. There is a strong correlation between stressful situations and circulating cortisol levels. The body response to stressful physiological or psychological situations by increasing the amount of cortisol secreted. This secretion causes the breakdown of muscle protein, which leads to the release of amino acids into the bloodstream. These

In the first study for the current research of this topic by Jelicic, it observes the result that acute stress has on the recall of neutral and emotional words. There was two controls for the experiment; a psychosocial stressor or a control task. Each participant’s level of stress hormone cortisol was measured before and after the presence of the stress, as well as after the test of their memory. The stress presented had an adverse effect on the two types of words. For neutral words, the participant’s memory was impaired, however for emotional words the memory was enhanced (Jelicic). A criticism with this study is that even though the cortisol was measures as what was said to be the main determinant of the effects, they were not mediated by it. The authors decided it did not make sense to guess the effects on the memory were caused by

    The antelope was also used for riding. They found this animal because “it rushed out of the weeds.”First

People are often astoundingly confident in their distorted or false memories, often going on to describe the pseudomemories in substantial detail. Sometimes, the memories persist even

There are many intelligent animals in the world, but an African elephant in North Kenya is probably way smarter than you can probably imagine. A recent study aimed at finding out whether the alarm calls by the African elephants, co-existing with the local Samburu people, can distinguish between threats from humans and bees.

Gerenuks, also known as giraffe gazelles, have a scientific name of Litocranius walleri, and come from the Bovidae Family. Although they resemble a miniature giraffe, they actually count as a species of antelope. They distinguish themselves by having long necks and slender limbs, and a coat of smooth brown fur. If you look closely, two other kinds of coloration are also identifiable on the fur – they have a dark-reddish skin on their back, and a cream-buff colored stomach on the flanks. Horns are only present on male gerenuks. They are S-shaped horns that are slightly curved, and measure between 28-42cm.

While these studies suggested that processing the world through the lens of a schema favors schema-consistent information over schema-inconsistent information, other work has found the opposite effect (Turner 1979 ). The apparent contradiction between these two views of scheme mediated memory processing was resolved by K. Rojahn and T. Pettigrew ( 1992 ), who found that after accounting appropriately for false alarm rates, schema-inconsistent information is generally remembered better than schema-consistent

The hippocampus is responsible for long-term memory, and is also involved with the limbic system in the brain, which regulates emotions. Emotions and memory go hand in hand, and when the body is under emotional stress it becomes more alert as a result of the steroid hormones being produced, and can remember things better and more clearly. This is why frightful or sorrowful memories are often fleshed out in incredible detail, and are hard to forget. As well as why at a party somebody might remember the name of the woman who made them laugh, over a woman who didn’t emotionally impact them. Emotional stress is only good in moderation, as prolonged stress can damage and interfere with the storage of memories.

Unlike Vygotsky, Piaget focused on how knowledge is a cognitive structure known as a schema (blabla). A schema is a perceptual representation of the world formed as a result of different stimuli, previous experiences and interacting with others which aids in the development of your intellectual abilities. Piaget didn’t take any social aspects into consideration leading to a weaker theory (35589).