Hpv In Bladder Cancer

Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life-threating disease. However, over recent years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre-cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market, which provides close to a 100% protection against pre-cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related. However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection procedures,

HPV is the single biggest cause of cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancers, according to the CDC. Between 2008 and 2012, almost 39,000 U.S. citizens were diagnosed with HPV-related cancer every year. Fifty-nine percent of them women and 41 percent men, researchers report. But while Pap smears and HPV tests have reduced rates of cervical cancer in woman, rates of oral cancer are growing in men.

According to the National Cancer Institute, not all human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause cancer. There are two types of categories; the low risk and high risk human papillomaviruses. If one contracts a high risk HPVs, they have a chance of developing cancer. High risk HPVs can lead to cervical cancer, anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, vaginal cancers, vulvar cancers, and penile cancers (1). The National Cancer Institute states that HPVs account for causing 5% of cancers and Nathan Seppa proclaims “that the two cancer-causing virus subtypes... HPV-16 and HPV-18, account for more than half of cervical cancers” (1 and 2). This demonstrates the overall impact HPV has on causing cancer.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a double stranded DNA virus. There are many genotypes HPV and some of them are oncogenic. They have envelope proteins E6 and E7 on their cell wall which are associated to initiate cancer. Anogenital lesions associated to HPV are divided into ‘low-risk’ types (6, 11, 34, 40, 42, and 43) and ‘high risk’ types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 69, 73, and 82). Most of the low risk HPV infections are asymptomatic and are not fatal, however infection to high risk HPV such as type 16 and 18 may cause cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar and penile cancer (Centre of Disease Control, 2012). Low risk HPV generally cause warts on the skin surface which rarely develop into malignancy. Type 16 and 18 both were originally isolated from cervical carcinomas of human body. More than 70% of human cervical is due to the infection of either HPV 16 or 18. According to CDC, in 2008 it was estimated 11,070 cases of cervical cancer in United States and about 3,870 deaths due to cervical cancer. Higher percentage of HPV persistent infection occurs by HPV-16 and the risk of getting cervical cancer due the progression of disease is higher for HPV 16 and 18 and 45 (Tino F. Schwarz, 2008).

Among the 12, 200 new cases of cervical cancer ninety-percent of them are caused or attributed to HPV.

HPV is “the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract” (WHO). It is also what lead to the development of Henrietta’s cervical cancer. HPV is the most common cause of cervical cancer. The HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for almost all cases of cervical cancer.

HPV-associated anal and oral cancers are increasing. The reason is still unclear although sexual behavior changes in the general population are postulated as one of the factors. The incidence is drastically higher in specific risk groups, such as men who have sex with men, and HIV-1 infected individuals. Interestingly, anal cancer is predominant in women while a higher incidence of oral cancer is found in men. This review gives a brief summary of epidemic, risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of these two HPV-associated cancers.

Emerging evidence suggests that cutaneous HPV is associated with the risk for non-melanoma skin cancer. Before this association is further described, a brief note is presented on skin cancer. Normal skin consists of three layers, the epidermis, dermis and the sub-cutaneous layer.32 The epidermis is the top layer of the skin and consists of three main types of cells: squamous cells, which are constantly shed and replaced; basal cells, which constantly divide and replace shed squamous cells; and melanocytes which give color to skin. The dermis is the middle layer of skin that contains hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels, nerves and collagen fibers. The sub-cutaneous layer is the deepest layer and is composed mainly of fat cells.32,33

Human Papillomavirus is a broad term used to describe over one hundred and fifty related viruses. The Human Papillomavirus, better known as HPV is named for the warts (papillomas) that become present on the skin of an HPV victim. HPV is transmitted via intamainte skin-to-skin contact. Each year a small number of cases of HPV go unknown because no symptoms are present or the body fights away the virus. Other cases that do not go away commonly are expressed in genital warts and cancers. Some cancers commonly developed from HPV are cervical, vaginal, anus, back of the throat, tonsil and tongue cancers (What). In recent years researchers,

Malignancies of the vulva, rear-end, and throat might be dealt with surgically and additionally with chemotherapy and radiation. Every year around 12,000 new instances of cervical disease happen in U.S. ladies. This figure does exclude instances of ladies who are determined to have and treated for HPV-related precancerous conditions. Around 9000 instances of HPV-related butt-centric and throat malignancies in ladies are accounted for every year. In men, around 12,000 instances of HPV-related diseases

HPV causes cancer in the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, penis, and throat, but usually the most common type of cancer is cervical cancer. These cancers are caused by untreated abnormal cells that don’t leave the body. Cigarette smoking has been also one of the highest risk factors that correlates to having cancer while having HPV.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus that infects the keratinocytes of human skin and mucous membrane. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world. An estimate of 79 million people in the United States are currently infected with HPV(1). With over 100 types of the virus, at least 40 types can infect the genitalia, mouth and throat. Particularly, HPV-16 and HPV-18 cause approximately 70% of cervical cancers. Transmission occurs through sexual intercourse, but can also occur through non-penetrative sexual activities.

Human papillomavirus is mostly a sexually transmitted disease. This infection is the reason for about 90% of cervical cancers. The reason this is the highest cause of cancer is because the human papillomavirus has more than 80 different types of infection that can occur. Though not all HPV types are sexually transmitted. Also, not all human papillomavirus turn into cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer affects about 200 women in New Zealand per year and almost 70 women die every year because of it. This commonly happens to women whom are in their 30’s and often with no symptoms (Southern Cross, 2015). This problem is caused by a type of human papilloma virus or HPV which is commonly transmitted thru sexual contact and an estimated count of 80% on sexually active women are affected in their lives. About 40 types of Human Papilloma Virus are linked with

Research shows that persistent HPV infection is the main risk factor for developing cancerous cervical lesions (Lorenzi, Fregnani, Possati-Resende, Neto, Villa, & Longatto-