Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a complex construct. Given the array of definitions and perspectives, HRQOL is challenging to define, embed in a theoretical framework, and operationalize. While theory and research on HRQOL in children have grown, adequate methods to measure this construct are needed. As such, a previous review of literature on health related quality of life in children revealed an increase in theoretical articles that addresses the importance of the problem but lack adequate instruments to assess children’s health related quality of life (Ravens-Sieberer & Bullinger, 1998) . Hence, instruments like the KINDL-R were developed. For that reason, it has been debated that in order for an instrument to be practical, it must have identifiable and theoretically solid underpinnings. It is probable that an instrument may have strong psychometric properties, yet lack adequate theoretical underpinnings. Also, a HRQOL instrument may correlate well with a functioning instrument; however, given that this is different construct of HRQOL, it does not provide evidence the instrument is actually measuring HRQOL. Therefore a HRQOL instrument is considered theoretically strong if the instrument rests on a clear and operational definition of HRQOL, …show more content…
There’s an obvious correlation between the concepts of Bronfenbrenner’s model and the constructs of the KINDL-R. Bronfenbrenner’s concepts of process, person, context, and time align with the constructs (physical well-being, emotional well-being, self esteem, family social contacts, and school) of the KINDL-R. In regards to Bronfenbrenner’s concept of time, the KINDL-R presents different versions for age groups. It can be argued that the different versions for age groups illustrate that HRQOL may differ at different times in a child’s life. The KINDL-R assesses multiple aspects of HRQOL, ensuring the multidimensionality of the
It is possible for a measure to have one and not all of the above criteria’s. If it lacks one of the measurements the chances of the study/research lacking credibility are higher.
In addition to exploring and identifying contributing factors to health-related quality of life or HRQL, Gorecki et al also determined if there is a relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQL) outcomes and these contributing factors. While this latter objective cannot be quantitatively determined, Gorecki et al have determined from their study that there are indications that indeed, HRQL outcomes are influenced by the identified contributing factors among PU patients. The contributing factors discovered and identified in the study were the
4. In a _____ essay, all supporting details clearly relate to the thesis. (Points : 5)
This essay will demonstrate my understanding of developments which occur at each stage of an individual's life cycle. I will relate these developments to two relevant psychological theories and discuss how an individual's needs must be met to enable them to develop.
In the early 20th-century, interest in the field of child development emerged. Researchers and theorists studied the ways in which children grew, learned, and, in some instances, were shaped by societal influences (Weiland, 1993). The study of child development enables us to appreciate and understand the social, emotional, physical, educational, and cognitive growth that children go through from birth to early adulthood. Grand theories attempt to organize and arrange concepts and aspects of development using a step approach. Such as that of Erik Erikson’s theory, the Psychosocial Identity Development theory, in which he addresses the development of personal, emotional, and social progression in an individual through stages (Pretorius et al., 2015). Erikson’s model for the approach of development involves the focus of overcoming conflicts that individuals encounter over the span of their childhood that influence their ego identity, or the conscious sense of self that develops and constantly changes due to new experiences and information that is acquired through daily interactions with others and events. In Erikson’s theory, he believed that each person experienced a conflict that served as a defining moment in their development that essentially shaped who they would become later on in life; he believed that unresolved problems of adult life echoed unresolved conflicts of one’s childhood (Berger, 2011).
At the age of 6 years old, a child would most likely experienced the school system which would include pre-school and kindergarten. There are many physical, cognitive and social changes that are happening in middle childhood development. This paper will examine what these changes affect the child’s ability to function in society. This analysis will focus on the normal course of development in middle childhood as it applies to the theorist Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages and then give examples of what may happen if the developments are not carried out.
For this assignment, I have organized my responses into a report based on the following periods of development: infancy and toddlerhood (birth to 30 months), early childhood (3 to 5 years), middle childhood (6-11 years), and adolescence (12-18 years). The last section of my paper includes my responses to the personal reflection questions.
Human development is a process that occurs throughout the lifespan, and lifespan development theories offer frameworks for which to understand human growth. Different approaches focus on specific aspects of human life to determine which has the most significant influence on development. However, one theory usually does not account for all variables of human growth so more than one perspective may be used to analyze development. Two such perspectives, the behavioral and the contextual, explain development in different ways. The behavioral perspective focuses on observable behavior, while the contextual perspective focuses on interrelated systems that influence development. When applied to the case study in the index, the differences in the behavioral and contextual theories become evident.
The WHOQOL surveys were developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to assess population groups in a variety of situations in an effort to evaluate quality of life across various cultures (University of Washington, 2016). WHOQOL-OLD is one such measure for older adults, which was created in part because other QOL scales like WHOQOL-100 and WHOQOL-BREF did not address some of the more pertinent issues that individuals face in the latter portion of their lives (University of Washington, 2016). Similar to the other quality of life assessment tools created by WHO, WHOQOL-OLD includes basic, yet important quality of life indicators that touch upon the physical, psychological and environmental states of individuals as well as the quality of
The three theories I have chosen to discuss are all extremely relevant ideas; although I prefer Erik Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development. Erik Erikson’s theory covers a person’s entire lifespan showing the many different stages throughout one’s life. A person is always
Firstly, the meaning of emotional regulation and Erik Erikson's theory of eight stages of development are depicted, with special emphasis on early childhood. This is done for the purpose of underlining the importance of regular emotional development as opposed to one impaired by abuse.
Wellbeing is ‘generally understood as the quality of people’s lives. It is a dynamic state that is enhanced when people can fulfil their personal and social goals. It is understood both in relation to objective measures, such as household income, educational resources and health status; and subjective indicators such as happiness, perceptions of quality of life and life satisfaction, (Statham and Chase 2010).’ It is important to acknowledge many factors play a role in measuring childhood well-being but it is necessary to look at both positive and negative indicators in orders to get a realistic overview as well as an overall understanding of well-being as a whole. Throughout the course of this essay both subjective and objective aspects of children’s well-being will be discussed as well as how the value of measuring both aspects can enable us to gain a holistic understanding of childhood well-being.
Developmental psychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. This paper will focus on the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of individuals found in stage two, (early childhood 1-6 year olds). Through exploring, and examining the countless influences that affect their growth development.
This theory focused on how children socialize and how they develop their sense of self. This happens in eight distinct stages. I will only be discussing the ones that occur from birth to puberty. Each developmental stage has two possible outcomes. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
The life-span perspective is a modern scientific approach to the study of human development that accounts for all phases of life including childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and it breaks each phase into individual stages of development (Berger,2014). This perspective suggests that development is multidirectional, metacontextual, and all stages of development are important and play a crucial role in the individuals cognitive health (Berger,2014). The stages of development are categorized as infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, and late adulthood. For the purpose of this paper I will be focusing on the infancy stage due to the importance of cognitive development before the age of two, middle childhood due to a child’s social structure becoming a defining factor in their lives, and emerging adulthood due to the stresses that an individual must endure while maturing into a young adult.