Hsc 525 Week 2 Essay example

A tenet of that theory is that enlightened egoists will recognize that socially responsible behavior will benefit them.

In today’s medical field there is a profuse amount of room for ethical questioning concerning any procedure performed by a medical professional. According to the book Law & Ethics for Medical Careers, by Karen Judson and Carlene Harrison, ethics is defined as the standards of behavior, developed as a result of one’s concept of right and wrong (Judson, & Harrison, 2010). With that in mind, organ transplants for inmates has become a subject in which many people are asking questions as to whether it is morally right or wrong.

The American Medical Association’s Code of Ethics mandates that doctors tell their patients if their tissue samples are going to be used in research or will possibly lead to profits. Some post Nuremberg codes, such as the Declaration of Helsinki and the Belmont Report, say consent is required. These are not laws but ethical codes, but many institutions choose to get consent regardless. Issues on privacy are also resolved; the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 prevents a privacy violation like the one that happened to the Lacks’ from occurring. Under the Common Rule, samples cannot be named using the donor’s initials, but instead by code numbers. The NIH has strict guidelines on tissue research, and it is illegal to sell tissues for medical treatments or transplants. In fact, under the Common Rule, people can even take their tissues out of research anytime they want to. There are many laws that protect patients and their rights, therefore new laws on tissue rights are unnecessary because there are already many proficient laws in

It is when an organ becomes available that ethical principles and human health rights begin to clash. There are extensive guidelines as to who shall be the recipient of widely needed organ transplants. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) helps create and enforce organ sharing policies; deciding to whom for example a donated kidney shall go to. As part of its mandate, “…UNOS helps create and define organ sharing policies that make the best use of donated organs” (“Kidney Allocation”, n.d.). With regard to determining how to allocate kidneys for transplantation, UNOS has created something called a “Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI)”. KDPI is a measurement of how long the kidney is expected to function when

One idea of how to decide organ recipients is based on "social worth" (pg. 644). Commonly, the idea of basing organ transplants to "social worth" is connected to the selection community approach. One example of the selection committee approach is the "God Committee" in Seattle. The "God Committee" was in charge of deciding who was to receive life-saving dialysis, and it was commonly based on the "social worth" a person (pg. 644). Another approach is the market approach which is based on who can and who can't pay for a transplant (pg. 669). Unfortunately, this idea heavily favors the rich and the leaves the poor with the required "bake sale" or charity approach (pg. 670). Continuously, there is also the lottery approach. The lottery approach is the ultimate equalizer, but it is

Determining who should receive an organ transplant can be a tricky and difficult task. According to the UNOS, the company that maintains the organ transplant list, there are various factors that are under consideration when an organ is available. Things like blood type, tissue type, medical urgency, and proximity to the donor are all taken into consideration; factors like age, income, or racial/ethnic background are not even taken into consideration. Furthermore, the transplant list is more like a pool than a list. So, if one patient hits more criteria than another patient, then he or she will receive the organ, regardless of their status (“The Gift of a Lifetime”). While this system may seem slow or flawed, it allows patients the

The Utilitarian approach to this argument is presented first. Ms. Richards states the subject has come up because there is a huge shortage of organs for transplant. Many people die waiting for an organ. There are parts of our world that do not

Available became controversial. While the question of the dialysis machine is still controversial, the health system was caught in another ethical dilemma regarding organ transplantation. Organ transplantation is closely linked to the issue of cleanliness because patients with kidney failure can get an organ transplant as an alternative to hemodialysis. The issue is complicated by the fact Medicare is financed by organ transplant, and there are those who believe that the distribution of rare transplant is not right. There are thousands of terminal patients whose lives can be saved by organ transplantation, but there are no formulas of work that can be used to determine which of the thousands of patients will be given priority. It is left to the discretion of medical officers to decide who is worth saving. The ability to keep someone alive by replacing one or more of their major organs is a splendid achievement of medicine of the 20th century.

One other factor that is evaluated in transplantation allocation is the correct blood type. This factor is crucial for transplants since the wrong blood type can lead to death. This tragedy had occurred to 17-year-old Jessica Santillian at Duke University Hospital when surgeons had given her a heart and two lungs with the wrong blood type. She and the rest of her family came “...to the United States from Mexico four years ago, smuggled into the country illegally by her parents in search of treatment for a life-threatening heart and lung disorder that doctors in Mexico could not fix. They moved to North Carolina.” (Kopp). After an hour and 15 minutes after the transplant was completed, her body started to reject the new organs. “The antibodies in her blood began attacking and destroying her new organs, and she later slipped into a light coma” (Kopp). The surgeons discovered that Jessica’s blood type was type O, yet the blood type of the new organs was type A. The surgeon in charge, Dr. Jaggers, was informed by the Carolina Donor Services about the donor’s blood type; however, he did not seem to recall the conversation and no one else double checked. He decided that it to improve the current situation, Jessica was to be given a second transplant,

It does this by matching blood type, tissue type, and organ size. Currently, importance is given to patients who are in more urgent need of the organ according to how long they have been on the waiting list and their physical condition. UNOS encourages transplant centers to follow the following criteria when they distribute organs: 1) medical need; 2) probability of a successful transplant; 3) how long the patient has been on the waiting list.7 There has been debate on whether or not to give priority to patients who are not seriously ill because they would have a higher chance of successful transplantation. This is another ethical dilemma that arises from organ rationing, should priority be given to patients who are in a more critical condition or to patients who have a higher chance of effective transplant? Wealthier patients are also at advantage because they are able to be listed on multiple waiting. This is because they can afford the evaluation at multiple clinics. Each evaluation can cost tens of thousands of

It does not seem right that an organ donor should be expected to risk their health and life with absolutely no consideration afforded to the potential consequences that may be inflicted upon the donor.

Distributing the organs among the patients should be done in an ethical way. Not everyone in need of an organ transplant gets what is needed for him because there is a shortage in organ availability. Actually, there should be a fair distribution plan and everyone should be aware of it. Most likely there are two types of distributive rightness. The first type is called equal access, which means the available organs should be fairly divided among the waited patients no matter the sex or the race, and the waiting time length should be considered. The first on the list be treated first. Another type of distributive justice is called maximum benefit, which means that the doctor give the priority to the patient who "the doctor sees " that he/she will live longer or the transplantation will be successful. It is a way to avoid wasting the organs because they are rare. UNOS encourages the transplant centers in the United States to use those methods in distributive the organs: the medical need, probability of success, and time on the waiting list.

Within the past few years, the demand for organs has increased at an alarming rate. This is due mostly to the fact that diseases and illnesses are becoming more prevalent and are brought on due to a significant change in American lifestyles. Failing organs can be caused by certain ways of living such as being a smoker or becoming obese. Many people are in need of a vital organ or know someone who needs an organ; these people are greatly impacted by a decision involving organ donation. Vital organs, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and liver are involved, which means these people are in life and death situations. While organ transplants have created a way to give and receive life to others, the process has actually become controversial

The legal and ethical business practices that are maintained to be the standardized rules in primary industries are also critical for the successful, legal and ethical execution in the healthcare industry so that the patients can choose the right healthcare provider and structure. To further illustrate this point, the overall concept of 'shelf space' for a new product on the market will involve buying the shelf space for any ordinary product; however the use of monetary compensation for medical referrals is a criminal offence and can result in jail time. In this paper, we will discuss a specific line of action in the healthcare industry dealing with organ donation and transplantation. The paper will first highlight all the ethical considerations that are related to organ transplant and donation and then the majority of the federal and state legalities will be discussed in the paper. These will be done separately to identify the differences and similarities between the ethical and legal considerations within the healthcare industry when dealing with the organ donation structures. The paper will analyze the standardized ethical considerations of the paper and present the legal issues when dealing with introducing a new organ transplant structure this will be done so to

The process of receiving an organ is lengthy and traumatic to any individual. This makes the process of transporting the organ even more precious. The surroundings of this causes pressure to be put on medical professionals which can be deafening. However, some of the medical professionals may feel and act unethically by lacking in moral principles and humane standards. “Subjected to intense scrutiny by the federal government, the public, and the medical profession, no other aspect of modern medicine is more analyzed and debated. Such scrutiny is essential. Organ transplantation is built upon altruism and public trust.” (Noël) All individuals should be treated equally including the choice in not being a donor. Medical professionals and all staff involved in the organ transplantation should be unbiased and work to their fullest potential to help the patient. It is their responsibility to treat the patient with respect and have in mind equal ethics in all their medical decisions. Arthur Schafer, a philosophy professor and director of the University of Manitoba's Center for Professional and Applied Ethics stated, “But, doctors shouldn't dole out medical services based on a value judgment of a patient's virtues and vices. Doctors aren't priests, ministers, rabbis and they're not moral judges.” Furthermore, doctors and other medical professionals do not have the authority to decline any individual inside the rules of moral conduct.