Hudson River: a Detailed and Comprehensive Geological History

Starved rock and St. Peter Sandstone are an erosional remnant of Ordovician period. These remnants contain Pennsylvanian clastics that survived the washing out of the Illinois River at the end of the Ice Age. Evidence for swift, turbulent, and deep water includes gravel bars and erosional features as high as 160 feet above the current level of the river, massive cross bedded sand, and gravel deposits along the river course.

Regional history, lithology and structural geology of the Flin Flon greenstone belt and the broader Trans-Hudson Orogen, with special emphasis on University of Saskatchewan Flin Flon Field School map area 4

To put the tale into proper prospective, the Mississippi Basin Flood of 1993 carried 435,000 cubic feet of water per second past Iowa and one million cubic feet per second past St. Louis after the contribution from the Missouri River. The Great Flood

The river plays an important role in North Carolina’s estuaries found in the Albemarle-Pamlico Sound as it dumps its nutrient-dense waters into the estuaries to feed the system. One of only three rivers to be totally contained within North Carolina’s borders, the river has been noted to have the widest mouth in the continental

The Hudson River is the 4th longest river in New York State. The head is located at Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Mountains, and the mouth is at the Atlantic Ocean. Because the Hudson River empties into an ocean the water is brackish. That means that the water in the river is a combination of saltwater and freshwater. The Hudson River stretches for 315 miles from north to south through New York State.

One of the major problems and also a problem in my neighborhood is sediments. Sediments forms when rocks and soil erode or weather. About 5.2 million tons of sediment enter the bay every year. When it rains, those sediments are carried to the bay by runoff.

As this river of ice moved slowly over the hidden rocks, the base of the glacier grazed millions of sediments in the Earth. The after math composed of soil, pebbles, cobbles and boulders that pushed forward, smashing rocks into glacial dust. Then the climate began to warm. Melted water from the glaciers carried the soils and rocks away from the dissolving glacier, depositing its leftovers throughout the landscape. This combination of soils and rocks deposited. Then low hills, or moraines, were created across the state. Michigan's glacial drift averages 200 to 300 feet. The scraping of boulders created particles. The heaviest pieces formed ridges, which made the stream's flow in a certain direction. Lighter materials were carried further, dropping on the way as the flowing water slowed. These materials dried forming enormous, flat colored areas of sand, silt, clay creating a mixture called the outwash plains. The weight of the glacier over the Michigan basin was dropping, and the Earth began to recoil, like a sponge coming back to its original shape. The Michigan landscape began to appear. Plants began to approach on the shriveled landscape. Individual plants found a suitable growing environment near each other, which created a suitable home for

Connecticut's landscape and surface change from 3 elements named tectonic plates, Glaciation, and Weathering and erosion.

Largely, it is the result of erosion by water at the end of the last glacial period. The most recent glacier over North America, the Laurentide Ice Sheet, resided almost all over Canada. Eventually, the sheet melted, allowing water possessing a strong stream discharge to be released in numerous directions. One of these melt-out pathways formed the Elora Gorge.

Man and nature have worked together to reshape the environment in coastal Louisiana. The Mississippi slows when it reaches the

Most if not all of the historical information that is provided at Town Creek today for visitors to witness is connected to the archaeological excavations that were completed of the area during the middle of the 20th century (NC Weekend). The work for the excavations began in 1937 with Floyd and Minnie Frutchey, but Floyd never got to see the completion of the excavation (Coe, 3). The excavations were completed in the year 1987 (Coe, 11). During the excavations, archaeologists recovered clay pottery, as well as bones from many of the burials that occurred during the time of residence in Town Creek. The archaeological record discovered through the excavations of Town Creek are pertinent in understanding the history of the people that lived on the bank of the Little River before English settlement occurred because very little is known historically about these people. The history of Town Creek remains somewhat a mystery because all that is known about the people and the site is solely based off of the excavations that occurred performed during the 20th century (NC

The Delaware River flows from the Delaware River Basin in the state of New York, creating a natural boundary between Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey. The lower boundary of the river is urbanized and the upper boundary is rural with very little industry. If the Delaware River Basin were to be disturbed, many people would be affected. The Delaware River Basin is a major source of drinking water for many in the metro New York City area and houses many species that play an important role in the ecosystem of the Delaware River. The Basin also houses a very important resource, natural gas. The natural gas in the basin lies deep within the Marcellus shell rock formation and would need to be extracted using the hydraulic fracturing process,

“In the United States, a concerted effort is underway to reduce water pollution and thereby improve water quality.” (Keller) A case history of river pollution is the Cuyahoga River located in Northeastern Ohio. The river is 100 miles long flowing south to Cuyahoga Falls where it then turns north until it empties into Lake Erie. Cleveland and Akron are two major cities located along the river. The Cuyahoga is known as an infant glacial river, this is because it is one of the youngest river created from the melting of the glaciers. It is estimated that the river is about 13,000 year old. The story of the Cuyahoga is one with many lows and highs. The

This Lower Keg River member was initiated by a rapid increase in sea level elevation flooding the salt plains of the Contact Rapids. Campbell (1987) described the Lower member of a dark micritic limestone, in a somewhat “euxinic” environment, containing bitumen and fauna such as brachiopods, crinoids, corals, stromatoporoids and gastropods. The unit can be locally dolomitized with a maximum thickness of approximately 50m. The Upper Keg River member was deposited during the restriction of marine waters by the Presqu’ile Barrier reef into the Elk Point Basin (Campbell, 1987). The interior of the basin contains Upper Keg River pinnacle reefs, banks and platforms. Campbell (1987) noted the spatial differences in the type of carbonate deposition within sub-basins; areas from the Peace River Arch to southern Alberta show a fringing carbonate platform, while the Rainbow, Zama and Shekelie basins contained the majority of the

Geologists say that the 1000 Islands were formed from an ancient mountain range that has been whittled down to their present size over millions of years. I know of no island of the eighteen hundred in this chain that has an elevation of more than a hundred feet or so, and there hundreds and perhaps thousands of would-be islands that never were prominent enough to rise above the water surface. Just below the surface these rock obstructions lurk in wait of the unsuspecting boater. Areas like Chippewa Bay, Thousand Islands Park and Ivy Lea are notorious for their rock-infested waters.