Human And Bacterial Diversity With City Scale Metagenomics Essay

By using DNA sequencing software and using comparative DNA alignment programs, scientists can piece together where the differences and similarities align and the percentage of identical DNA between two species. Another method of classifying these gene-swapping organisms is to alter the method of vertical genomics and shift to a new form of lateral genomics (Koonin et al. 2001). A method using vertical, linear genomics alone will not provide enough resources to clearly assign an organism to a taxonomic group. Also, scientists can look at gene loss over time as a method to group these organisms (Koonin et al. 2001). If scientists would rather stick with similarities to define a taxonomic group, the use of genomic instruments can provide a better picture of which genes are highly conserved between organisms of the same group (Doolittle 1999). Researchers have begun to employ this method as the means for best completing a phylogenetic tree. Using alignments of single copy genes conserved in the genome allows for scientists to achieve that vertical pattern of phylogeny that can be lost when focusing on the amount of transferred genes between groups (Lang et al. 2013).

There are major effects in the United States and Europe to help identify the role of microbial communities in the human body. The colon requires a balance of microbial agents that assist with various functions of the body. An imbalance can lead to C.diff., irritable bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), neurological disorders, and obesity just to list a few. Many of these problems have grown to an epidemic proportion. Both the United States and Europe have started projects aimed at the microbial communities of the body and their roles in our health.

The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have been assigned randomly to six-research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

The human microbiome has received more attention in the last few years as scientists have begun to link health and mental wellbeing with these internal synergists. Murray and Manary (2015) define a microbiome as an “ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms living inside the body…100 trillion organisms, including anaerobic bacteria, archaea, yeast and parasites.” Humans are born and immediately exposed to these microbes, creating their own microbiome within hours. The natural birth baby inherits microbes of the mother and caesarian section babies receive microbiota of those who handle them first (Ley, 2006). Genes, and the environment from which they are born into, shape their future microbiome (Ley, Peterson,

The struggle of finding accurate technology to be able to compare human microbial communities globally include the degree of relatedness so whether that persons are related, the place in the family structure, the age, demographics, there are many ethical, legal, and logistical barriers, types of comparisons,

The Bayesian inference analysis of the COI barcode sequences included 45 L. sericata sequences and 42 L. cuprina sequences. Despite the number of sequences, L. sericata was poorly resolved, which explains the poor node support (0.61) of the L. sericata + L. cuprina + L. taiyuanensis clade. Lucilia taiyuanensis is represented by only one sequence

Freeman, S., Black, M., Taylor, E., Monroe, J., Allison, L., Podgorski, G.,… Quillin, K. (2013, January 18) Biological Science 5th edition. Chapter 7 pages

Chapin III, F. S., Costanza, R., Ehrlich, P. R., Golley, F. B., Hooper, D. U., Lawton, J. H., ... & Tilman, D. (1999). Biodiversity and

When we speak of the word “bacteria” some individuals may not recognize how large of a role these tiny organisms play in our everyday lives. Some may jump to the conclusion that bacteria are related to the spread of germs or sickness among the human population. Most microbes are harmless or beneficial (Matthews, 2015) and a large majority of these tiny microbes are extremely important in order to maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2013).

Although morphological observations help identify species they are not as accurate as testing the DNA of species with similar resemblance. The most accurate way to identify species is to extract their DNA and use bioinformatics.

Knox, B., Ladiges, P., Evans, B. & Saint, R., n.d. Biology: An Australian Focus. 5th Edition ed. North Ryde(New South Wales): McGraw Hill Australia PTY LTD.

Although gang violence and the possession of firearms seem more detrimental to our society, the production of our food and how it is being genetically modified effects our well-being. Individuals know the health risk of food and the modification of it; however, the issue that revolves around this situation is that, people do not want to hear about what lies beneath the surface because they do not want to give up their addiction. Power and profit are the reasons why corporations treat living-beings as objects. American medicine revolves around treating people with illnesses, not preventing illnesses. The economic development and production of modern meat are responsible for outbreaks and the contamination of our livestock’s. The consumption of animal flesh is a prime contributor to today’s epidemic of heart disease, obesity and cancer.

In this experiment, I hypothesized the women’s restroom soap dispenser will contain more microorganisms, rather than the student’s hallway bench. The Microorganisms are very tiny organisms that travels through the cell caused by archaea and protists bacteria that appears in the human body. For example, Microbes appears thorough our skin, mouth and into the air. It is not visible for you to touch, feel, or see. These tiny organisms can contribute to worse conditions. The worse conditions cab be spread, directly or indirectly to certain cancers, bowel syndrome, asthma, and autism (Campbell 2015). Also, microbes changes can effect on how we eat, live, and move around in the human body. Microorganisms reflect the changes of the environment

In an unfortunate event, a child may end up in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with sever to life threatening ailments. What most people don’t realize is that these children, on average, show signs of weakened immune system and a decrease in their bacteria diversity, also known as their microbiome health. According to a Pennsylvania researcher, Matthew Rogers and his associates, there is evidence that the diversity of critically ill children is far lower when compared to a healthy child. The larger the diversity of your microbiome, the healthier a person is believed to be, which could account for a correlation between a decreasing microbiome diversity and an increase in disease risk.

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a species of diatom: a eukaryotic, unicellular, photosynthetic organism (a result of secondary endosymbiosis) that produces a silicified cell wall. P. tricornutum was chosen to be the second diatom to have its full genome sequenced because it had already been studied for decades and there were substantial genetic resources, including more than 100 000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), available for it. As a model system, P. Tricornutum is small, reproduces asexually with no loss in size and is easy to culture. In fact, the clone that was sequenced was taken from a monoclonal culture, which came from a strain isolated in 1956 and continually maintained in F/2 medium. Its genome is approximately 27.4 megabases in size,