Human Development Index ( Hdi )

Since the market orientated economic reforms were introduced in 1978 (Khan, Hu (1997, P103) China’s economy has seen a 10% increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per year (Vincellete, Manoel,

Since the reform and opening up, the economy of China grows significantly, as an emerging economy, China's economy has made tremendous contributions to the global economy, and Renminbi has become one of the most important currency in the world. According to the survey conducted by China National Bureau of Statistics found that from 1979 to 2012, China has attained an annual average growth rate of 9.8% for its national economy, while the annual average growth of the world economy is only 2.8 % during the same period. In past 30 years, China's GDP surpassed Japan’s, China became the world 's second largest economy, in addition, the huge total volume of trade makes China become the world 's largest trading nation. The contribution of China’s

The Gini coefficients of rural populations increased about 75% and the urban increased about 113% in these 30 years. Moreover, the aggregate Gini coefficient for China reached 0.4 by 2000, which imply the serious income inequality of China in general.

To get everything produced by a country's citizens, no matter where they are in the world, you should look at Gross National Product (GNP), also called Gross National Income (GNI).” (Amadeo,K. n.d) Each month, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, releases an estimate of the level and growth of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), which is the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States.

China has reached a milestone in terms of achieving its centenarian goal of making China a prosperous nation once again. One of the ways that it has done this is by having steady economic growth even in the midst of an economic crisis. Not only has China’s economy grown, but its standard of living has also improved, it has achieved this by spending 70 percent of its fiscal revenue towards improving people’s standard of living. China has also pushed more anti-corruption reforms and has made efforts towards widening its economy by setting up freer trade.

China economy experienced an incredible growth in the last few decades that made the country the 2nd largest economy in the world. When China started the program of economic reforms in 1978, it ranked 9th in nominal GDP but 35 years later it’s now ranked 2nd in the nominal GDP and been the world’s manufacturing hub. In recent years, China’s modernization propelled the tertiary sector and in 2013, it became the largest category of GDP with a share of 46.1%, while the secondary sector still accounted for a sizeable, 45% of the country’s total output. Meanwhile, the primary sector's weight in GDP has shrunk dramatically since the country opened up to the world.

The rise in China from a poor, stagnant country to a major economic power within a time span of twenty-eight years is often described by analysts as one of the greatest success stories in these present times. With China receiving an increase in the amount of trade business from many countries around the world, they may soon be a major competitor to surpass the U.S. China became the second largest economy, last year, overtaking Japan which had held that position since 1968 (Gallup). China could become the world’s largest economy in decades.

China has been moving to a market-based economy since 1978, and a relaxation of central control over certain aspects of the community has helped it become the largest developing economy and the second largest economy in the world when measured by Purchasing Power Parity.

This is due in part because of the unequal wealth distribution. The top one percent of the richest people own forty six percent of the global wealth. This wealth being held by the rich would not be a problem if they were not so selfish with their earnings. The distribution of wealth leads to the subsequent unequal distribution of resources. Some issues this raises are human settlement and population distribution, economic activities, trade and quality of life. Certain indicators can be expended in order to measure a nation’s wealth and they include: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Income (GNI) and Human Development Index (HDI). The Gross Domestic Product is the total value of all goods and services. This is a good indicator of what the country is like in relation to their products being sold. The GNI is the GDP plus the income from foreign investors minus the money paid out to foreign investors. The GNI and GDP are not always equal between or within countries. The HDI captures the health, education and income of any given area. It is often a more accurate depiction of what the people are like.

. Xiaoping implemented significant change going from a centrally planned economy run by the state, towards a private entrepreneur market based economy. This transition to a new type of socialist thinking, known as the socialist market economy, proved highly successful as it allowed China to move from a nation in poverty ruled by a single person to the second largest economy in the world. A more sudden or abrupt change could have easily resulted in the fall of China’s economy, similar to what certain European countries experienced in 1991 at the end of the cold war between the super powers.

The purpose of this essay is to show how the economy of China has, and is changing, becoming the second largest economy in the world today. Although China is currently under the leadership of Xi Jinping, this essay will concentrate primarily on the actions undertaken by then President Mao Zedong, followed by then President Deng Xiaoping, (sans mention of Hua Guofeng). Given the relative infancy of Xi’s assumption of power, economic policies still remain largely rhetorical in form. Likewise, the majority of literature concerning economic policies under Xi are largely speculative, often citing strategies and ambitions as opposed to thereby, lacking a solid basis for rational induction In addition to China’s lack of transparency, In addition, it will be shown that the methodology behind the Chinese economy demonstrates the implementation of varying levels of the characteristics associated with the schools of Realism, Marxism and Liberalism. Thus, China’s approach to global trade in the 21st Century is pluralistic, testamentary to the failed economic

Currently, China remains the world 's second largest economy. However, the Chinese economy in the two phases of communism (Mao and Deng) differs as to its position facing the foreign market, its economic plans and the socio-economic characteristics of the population. The first phase, which under the rule of Mao Tse-Tung, was characterized by China’s isolation from the Western - being in trade and political relations; by a predominantly rural and impoverished population; the existence of a centralized economic planning; by the government control of the means of production; and the adoption of plans which, in turn, emphasized the development of basic sectors of economic activity, such as mining, steel, oil, and agriculture (Lam et al., 2015). It was clear that if China wanted to experience real economic growth, major reforms would need to take place in order to achieve such milestone. In that sense, China should consider easing its acceptance of international investors, which would broaden international business possibilities, increase income for their small businesses, and increase inbound investments.

Since the financial tsunami and the bankruptcy of Lehman’s Brother in September 2008, the world’s economy took a deep plunge and the Chinese economy is no exception. In the wake of the global financial crisis, The Economist (2008) reported that China’s real GDP growth slowed to 9 percent in the third quarter of 2008 and export growth slowed to 21.1%. It was, in fact, well below analyst expectations and recent

Seemingly transformed overnight; China has become an economic power house. In truth, however, China has been growing now for more than 30 years. Since it’s initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization in 1979. China is one of, if not the fastest growing economy world-wide, averaging nearly 10% growth GDP (Growth Domestic Product). (Morrison, 2015) This financial revolution began with a series of reforms. One was designed to revitalize the state sector and save socialism, others began as more grass root initiatives that led to free market capitalism. (Wang, 2013). China began to change their investments from producing capital goods to producing more consumer goods. They allocated more money to agriculture, and the government raised pricing for the agricultural products and increased grain import. After a series of painful events China began to privatize farming. This led to the de-collectivization of agriculture (Wang, 2013)

The critical difference between most development models and the human development index is that most development models only focus on income while the human development index includes the enlargement of all human choices – economic, political, social and cultural which all affect income.