Human Genome Lab Report

Throughout the term, reading the book, “Through a Window” by Jane Goodall has been quite intriguing for me, in that it has inspired me with new ideas and perceptions about how our own species has evolved over time. I have really enjoyed seeing the many similarities that hominids share with other primate species, especially chimpanzees. Goodall’s research only further proves that we are not only extremely biologically similar to chimpanzees in our DNA, but have many behavioral similarities as well. The film, “Monkey in the Mirror” also shows support for our likeness in intellectuality. These documented findings on chimpanzee and human resemblances provides the strong evidence needed to conclude the fact that humans do indeed share a common ancestor with great apes.

According to my observation, even though Chimpanzee, and Gorilla are similar, they differ in many other ways when we go deeper in physical, and behavioral traits. However, both species also share the majority part of their DNA with Humans. Based on some reliable researches, some scientists realized that humans did not come from apes but instead shared common ancestors. As a matter of fact, humans and Primates are different, but share most of their genome, explaining why we found some similar patterns of behavior among humans, and

Evolution is the process of change of living organisms over a long period of time due to difference of environment or circumstances that was not prevalent before. These evolutionary mutations occur due to things such as a change of environment where what may have been shallow water has gradually gotten deeper and thus the organisms that inhabited that land had to change in order to remain living in that area without risk. This also relates to things such as storms that may alter the habitat of the previous land where what something may have eaten has changed and the organism was altered to match that environment. This then has an affect on the history of human evolution, humans and apes relate to a similar origin and were very similar many years ago and this is known as primate phylogeny. This Extended research task will go in depth with the origins of man and the relation between man and apes through primate

According to the report of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institute of Health presented in 2005, chimpanzees share 96% of the human gene sequence. It allows to draw a conclusion that humans and chimpanzees are very closely related to each other, and this relation is great than between humans and other species, such as gorillas or orangutans. Regarding evolution of humans, it is also interesting to note that according to taxonomists originally both humans and apes belonged to the same superfamily of primates, but later they were separated into families: humans - to Hominidae, and apes – to Pongidae. (Steffof,

According to Chimpanzee, an example of a homologous structure it shares with its descendants is its relatively large skull. As the animals became more evolved their skull shapes started to change to accommodate for a larger brain. This size difference is shown in Figure 2 because you can see the difference in the brain and skull size of the chimpanzees (bottom) and humans (top) (Chimpanzee). This is because Cranium size is determined by brain size and recent evidence by (Dumas, 2012) shows that this is likely determine by a protein domain called DUF1220. DUF1220 is a domain, a sub section of a gene, which is about 65 amino acids long and expressed mostly in neurons (DUF1220). Research (Dumas, 2012) shows that more copies present in the genome the larger the brain size is in that animal. Humans have 270 copies and the trend goes down from there with Chimps having 125, Gorillas 99 and marmosets 30 and mice just one (Dumas). This research shows the reasons hominids increased in brain size is because there was a mutation that increased the amount of DUF1220 in their lineage which led to gradually larger brain sizes. Since the Chimps split off (Figure 1) before this mutation their brains did not increase in size; hence the reason they are still similar to the common ancestor of both chimps and humans.

2. It can be concluded that both hominins and modern apes share flat face with forward facing eyes and molars present. The Phylogenetic Tree shows that the modern apes diverged from hominins. This implies that modern apes and hominins share a same ancestor, but early hominins did not evolve from modern apes. The closest relative of human (Homo sapiens) is Homo neanderthalensis. We share many characteristics, such as chain, large cranium and similar width of dental arcade to the length. One of differences is Homo neanderthalensis has Supraorbital bow, not human does not.

Throughout time man has evolved. Common belief is that Homo sapiens evolved from primates and then, by following the Darwinistic theory of evolution, Neanderthals, when in fact they all evolved alongside each other, sharing common ancestors rather than directly coming from one another. This then lead to similarities in the DNA as well to the high probability that there was interbreeding between the species; phylogenic tree mappings of the mitochondrial DNA of numerous different modern humans from around the world as well as the mtDNA of an assortment of Homo neanderthalensis were able to show the similarities of the two species along with the human descent from their origins in Africa to other areas of the world.

Did you know that you share the same genetics as a mouse, or what about a fruit fly, and also a chimpanzee? In this paper I will be talking about how we share the same genes, and what the percentage is o the same genes we share with the 7 model organisms. I will also be telling important information on why we are related and how this all came to be.

in chapter 23, Bobbette learns from her brother-in-law that part of Henrietta is still alive. Her cells are being used in laboratories all around the world and Bobbette had no clue. She raced home telling Lawrence and Day her news. It didn't make sense how was part of Henrietta still alive after all this time. They had seen her being buried, did someone did up the body? Or maybe it was from the autopsy? In June 1973 at Yale the first steps toward the Human Genome Project was held. One of the main problems was the HeLa contamination but in order to sort everything out they needed to test for the specific markers which they needed Lacks family cooperation. Victor McKusick, one of the scientist to first publish Henrietta's name, worked at John Hopkins so he could get the information to contact the family. With access to the family cells it would allow HeLa to be studied in a new way. With accents and education as barriers when a Hopkins assistant called Day said yes because why refuse a doctor. Years later Howard Jones admitted that not enough effort to tell the Lacks family and because they were only taking blood samples no consent forms were needed. The family assumed that since it was a doctor that the tests were needed. Deborah was especially worried since her thirtieth birthday neared the same age her mother died at. She worried often about getting cancer or being injected with cancer like Southam had done to people. She had read about the Tuskgee trials and was very

One of the most well-known and supported endeavors in the advancing field of genomics is the human genome project whose creation has since revolutionized the related fields of proteomics and medicine with comparative genomic analyses of primate species offering considerable potential in defining the processes responsible for molding and transforming the human genome. In spite of these scientific advancements, however, very little information is known about genomes in some species like the primates. Primate taxonomy is both complex and controversial with close to nothing in terms of unifying consensus of the evolutionary hierarchy of extant primate species. This lack of knowledge of the specific hierarchies in

Human evolution is the process of change by which people originate from apelike ancestor. Behavior traits and scientific evidence show that people are originate from apelike ancestor. Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The process of evolution involves a series of natural changes that cause species to arise, adapt to the environment, and become extinct. All African early hominids—small australopithecines as well as the very tall Homo erectus have absolute body breadths within the modern human tropical-subtropical range; variations in relative body linearity is due almost entirely to variations in stature (Ruff, 1991).All species have originated through the process of biological evolution. Scientists classify each species with a scientific name. For modern humans, they are classified as Homo sapiens. Physical and genetic similarities show that the modern human species, Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship with the apes.

The evolution of humans is known to be very complex and recently scientists have been discovering just how complex through molecular data. Learning that the vertebrate eye took 400,000 generations to evolve sparked my interest in understanding human evolution. A recent article on BBC claims that at one point in the timeline of human evolution, the species Homo sapiens, which is the modern human species, interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans (Hogenboom, 2015). Neanderthals are the modern human’s closest extinct relatives and are a species with short, stocky bodies that helped to adapt to cold weather. Denisovans are organisms that lived in caves and are also closely related to H. sapiens. Specifically, the article says that ancestors from Europe and Asia have at least 1-4% of Neanderthal DNA and those with ancestors from Southeast Asia have up to 6% of Denisovan DNA. But more importantly, the article makes the claim that the modern human species is a result of hybridization of multiple human species (Hogenboom, 2015). As a result of understanding the science behind the interbreeding of humans with other closely related species, I will be able to see how hybridization plays a role in evolution of a species.

Many genetic studies leading up to the start of the human genome project include some of the first research done on the structure of human DNA: In 1952, Rosalind Franklin created Photograph 51 using X-ray crystallography: the first evidence of DNA’s helical structure. Using this evidence, in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to model the true structure of DNA as a double helix with sugars and phosphates forming the backbone and the base pairs A-T and C-G pointing inward to the center. They also showed in their model that the base pairs are connected by hydrogen bonds and that the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions but are parallel (Genome unlocking life’s…).

The Human Genome Project basically was a research program that worked on a goal to get an image of human genome and get a better understanding of all a human beings genes. DNA is founded on 4 chemical bases, they turn into twisted ladder shaped DNA molecules. And all the the four bases are what create the genes just placed in different ways and different lengths. One revelation of the human genome project was when they learned that there are about 20,500 genes. The Human Genome Project brought many scientist together around the world and each one was an important factor for the project. It was a publicly funded organization and got funds and support from the Department of Energy and US National Institutes of Health

A photograph of an agrose gel pattern. DNA obtained by scrapings from epithelial lining of subjects mouth was synthesized with ologioucucleotide primers specific to either the X chromosome or Y chromosome, thus allowing for the determination of the sex of the subject by assessing the migration appearance of precipitated DNA after agrose gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight marker were loaded in the middle lane (Lane 6) which consisted of small DNA ladder containing fragmented of DNA sized 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200 and 100bp which acted as a control.