Human Genome Project Essay examples

Scientists James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double-helix configuration of a DNA strand in the early 1950’s. DNA’s structural discovery implemented modern molecular biology, which is implicated with genes controlling chemical processes within cells. The structure also contributed to revolutionary intuition into the genetic code and protein synthesis ("The Francis Crick Papers: The Discovery of the Double Helix, 1951-1953."). These scientists’ breakthrough was the first stride to the modern day scientific techniques of recombinant DNA research, rapid gene sequencing, monoclonal antibodies, and genetic engineering. The Human Genome Project mapped out roughly 20,050 human genes and 3

Oswald micro‐viscometer was used for measuring the viscosity of investigated complexes at constant temperature 25 oC. With maintaining the concentration of CT-DNA constant (420 uM), the Fluidity times were registered for different concentrations of investigated complexes (0 - 250 μM) [13,16,19,20,26,27,28,29,30,34,39]. Bubbling nitrogen gas is used for mix the solution through the viscometer. Viscosity for DNA in the presence investigated complexes was determined from the mean value of the three of readers. ηo is relative viscosities for DNA with investigated complexes and estimated from the

The procedures are conducted by scientists and doctors who follow the restrictions on human genome research of their respective counties. Furthermore,

The field of genomics is quickly and steadily gaining momentum in the field of systematics. Based on an organism’s genetics, it applies novel methods of DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to sequence, construct, and analyze the structure, and consequently, the function, of entire genomes, using the resulting genetic information from different specimens in fine-scale genetic mapping. Advancements in other fields such as human biomedicine may also be dependent on progress made in genomics, especially unresolved problems focused on changes in genes triggered or disrupted in development, susceptibility to infectious disease, mechanisms of DNA recombination and genome plasticity which cannot be adequately interpreted without a precise evolutionary context or hierarchy.

These advances have only been attainable through a considerable amount research and experimentation. Technological advances have impacted the productivity of researching and altering the structure of DNA as well. Scientists studying “molecular biology, biochemistry, math, computer science, engineering, and the health care industry worked together to turn what began in 1985… into an international scientific consortium… known as the Human Genome Project, begun in 1989” (Carroll and Ciaffa). The Human Genome Project is a scientific research project. The goal of this project is determining the sequence of human DNA and mapping the genes of the human genome. “Computer generated analysis tools designed specifically to understand the significance of the base sequence in this large macromolecule have aided the Human Genome Project tremendously” (Carroll and Ciaffa). New technologies have made it possible to create tools specifically for the use of gene research. That is to say that without the technological breakthroughs we have made, genetic research would be far less

DNA sequencing is a method for determining the precise order of nucleotides present in a given DNA molecule [1]. The Sanger and Gilbert methods of sequencing DNA are referred to as first-generation sequencing because they were the first to be developed. The Sanger sequencing, also known as the chain terminating method, developed in 1975 by Edward Sanger, was considered the gold standard for nucleic acid sequencing for two and a half decades (Sanger et al., 1977). The Human Genome Project was accomplished with first-generation sequencing in 2003, known as Sanger sequencing. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international cooperative venture established to sequence the 3 billion base pair (~25,000 genes) in the human genome.

Science is a field of study that is always evolving and changing with time and new discoveries. New studies in medicine are constantly improving, such as the flu shot, which changes every year to protect America’s population against influenza. With all the adventure into the unknown comes the worry of taking science too far. Also, not letting people’s bodies and life take its natural course is a fear of genetic testing. While others believe the improvements to using genetic tests will benefit society drastically. One of the newer studies and discoveries in science is the ability to map a human genome, which takes a single strand of a person’s DNA and interprets genes into the information that patients, doctors, and scientists understand.

"Research and technology efforts aimed at mapping and sequencing large portions or entire genomes are called Genome projects"(Congress, 202). Genome projects are not the effort of a single organization, but instead are groups of organizations working in government and private industry throughout the world. The controversies surrounding the Human Genome Project can be better explained by explaining the structural and moral aspects of the project. Begun in 1990, the US Human Genome Project is a 15-year effort coordinated by the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. It's purposes are to identify all the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA, determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, and develop tools for data analysis.

The ultimate goal of the HGP is to provide an encyclopedia of detailed information of the location, structure and function of the complete set of human genes. The HGP also loyally supports and sponsors genome studies on other organisms

Due to our profound genomic studies, we have been able to sequence many genomes of various organisms. With the

Scientists also study gene function. This is more complicated than finding gene location due to the fact that genes influence each other through epistasis and polygenic inheritance. Scientist can use genes with known functions to make educated guesses about the function of unknown genes based on similar structures within the gene. Mutations, and the effects they have, also helps scientists to understand gene function. By locating which gene has been mutated and observing the result of that mutation, scientists can determine that gene’s function. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was founded in order to sequence and identify the entire human genome, and to develop databases of genetic and physical maps of different sequences. It later expanded to include other countries and became known as the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Their efforts correlated with the research done by a biotechnology company called Celera Genomics, Inc. Based on both of their results, the human genome contains approximately 35,709 different genes (Richards and Hawley, 299, 303). Interestingly enough, the results showed that every

Today I will be defining the Human Genome project. This is a project to study, research, implement, and produce a DNA sequence of the Human Genome System. The human genome project is working to try and find a way to see what every gene in the human body actually does. They have already done a DNA sequence of human genes. They discovered the human body has more proteins than they first thought; now they have to see what each protein does. When they discover this it might be feasible to actually re-grow human body parts.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) that was started in 1990 is an example of an effort geared towards better understanding of DNA and its role. It was based on the recognition of DNA as the hereditary material, determination of its structure and genetic code, the development of recombinant DNA technologies and methods for DNA sequencing. The success of this project predicted an evolving area of personalized medicine and disease prevention based on genomic testing for genetic susceptibilities. During the past 2 decades so much has happened in the genomics field; from primary sequencing of genes to new technologies where genomic codes are studied and catalogued to makes interpretation of genes easier. Therefore, in order to advance human health particularly in the understanding of biology of genes, biology of disease, and translation of science into medicine and healthcare practice, we have come to a stage to take more evidence based decisions. With more information and understanding of this field, the experts also hoped that pharmacogenomics would allow us to develop safe drugs and find ways for their effective use.

The Human Genome Project was originally founded by the Department Of Energy (DOE) and is now jointly researched by the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). Research on the project began in 1990. They used a four-letter system to decode the long strands of deoxyribonucleic acid. As understood from previous research, there are four nitrogenous base pairs that make up DNA. ‘A’ stands for Adenine, which is paired with ‘T’ for Thymine, and ‘G’ stands for Guanine, which is paired with ‘C’,

A genome is the complete collection of an organism’s genetic material. The human genome is composed of about 20,000 to 25,000 genes located on the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell (Tortora, Funke, Case, 2016). According to the Human Genome Project (2000), “A single human chromosome may contain more than 250 million DNA base pairs, and it is estimated that the entire human genome consists of about 3 billion base pairs.” Now that we have identified what a genome is, we will now examine the Human Genome Project.