Human Genotypes

There are no two individuals that are completely alike, people vary by hair color, height, skin tone, gender and other endless possibilities. The reason for these variations can be traced back to our genetic make-up. A person as 23 pairs of chromosomes and each of these chromosomes carry one molecule of DNA. DNA itself is made up of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, then, these chemical compounds wrap around each other to form a double helix. These chromosomes contain around 20,500 genes and even with such a large number our variations are caused by less than 1% of our genes according to the Human Genomes Project in 2003. These variations also come from genotypes and phenotypes. A genotype is the complete set of genes that make a person’s hereditary, whereas, a phenotype are psychological, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the interaction between genes and the environment.

Each human being has something called DNA. DNA is described as genetics and an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms. DNA constructs of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder like arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each chromosome consist of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs that make up your DNA.

Over the last 10 years scientists have been involved in the progression and completion of the Human Genome Project. "Scientists working on this project have developed detailed maps that identify the

Inside each and every cell in your body is a strange chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA. DNA is a double-helix structure that is made up of billions of nucleotides. They are adenosine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, abbreviated A, T, C, and G, respectively. “The information content resides in those chemical bases arranged within the interior, where A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G” (Collins 6). These base pairs are lined up in a pattern as rungs on the DNA “ladder”. A gene is a section of base pairs in the strand of DNA. The smallest genes span about a few hundred base pairs, and the largest

genetic information. The information is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases:

Introduction All living and once living things have a genetic code; which is made up by DNA. DNA is made up of phosphates, sugars, carbons, nitrogenous bases and hydrogen bonds all put together to make a double helical structure. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Cytosin(C), and Guanine(G). They are bonded

Before researchers were able to find a way to make this possible, they first had to understand more about genetics. Genetics explains the process of parents passing down genes to their children, these genes are things like hair colour, eye colour and genetic disorders. Every human has 23 pairs of chromosomes, 43 individual, and within them is where the genes are carried, each chromosome holds about 20,000 genes.

It shows how you got the traits that you have today, either from dominant or recessive.

Alleles are a version of a gene, things like hair color, eye color, hitchhiker's thumb, and various other things are controlled by alleles. Alleles are either dominant or recessive, dominant alleles are the one that will show up even if only one parent has it and recessive alleles show up only if the dominant allele isn’t present. Most things are controlled by several different genes but some are controlled only by one.

What is DNA? - DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid according to Genetic Home reference is the hereditary in humans and all other organisms. The website said that nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. They say that most DNA is located in the cell’s nucleus, but smaller amounts of DNA can be found in the mitochondria. They said that DNA bases pair up with each other. “A” or adenine goes with “T” or Thymine and “G” or guanine goes with “C” or cytosine. These pairs are called base pairs. According to genetics home reference an important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Your Genome said “DNA is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. Like a recipe book it holds instructions for making all the protein in our bodies.” They

Always use two letters to represent a genotype. There are two letters in a genotype because one gene comes from the mother and the other one comes from the father. The three possible genotypes are two capital letters(TT), one of each(Tt), and two lowercase letters(tt). Homozygous means two capital letters, or two lowercase letters. A homozygous genotype is (TT), or (tt). Homozygous, also means purebred. Heterozygous means one capital letter and one lowercase letter. A heterozygous genotype is (Tt). Heterozygous, also means hybrid. (TT)homozygous=purebred, (Tt)heterozygous=hybrid, (tt)homozygous=purebred. How it physically shows up is a phenotype. Examples of phenotypes are blue eyes, brown fur, striped fruit, yellow flowers. Controlled by two or more genes is polygenetic inheritance, it may be on the same or on different chromosomes. Three examples of this, are eye color, skin color, and blood group. They are located in corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes called loci. A dominant allele hides the effect of another allele. We represent this, with a capital letter. A recessive allele is hidden, unless it is placed with another

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity of living organisms. Genes are the sets of chromosomes combined from the mother and father formed into the new set for the offspring. Sets of alleles forming the traits given to an offspring are called either genotypes, or when observable outwardly on the progeny they are called its phenotype. Traits are heterozygous as a gene with one allele is dominant, as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, and the other allele is recessive. Recessive alleles qualities recede and are not observed over the dominant allele. Some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have incomplete dominance by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or codominance by expressing both alleles at once. Combinations of traits and genes make up the different faces and characteristics seen in our world and communities. One person even if related, unless from identical chromosomes, will not ever look the same as another human being (Tortora & Derrickson, 2008).

Phenotypes driven by DNA from passing of traits from parent to offspring. Before children are born, they receive half of their traits from their mother and the other half from their father. That is why the child may have their father’s nose and their mother’s eye shape. Other traits could include eye color, hair color, hair texture, weight, and skin color. Different combinations of traits may cause offspring to appear different from their parents. However, the majority of traits inherited from parents will be the same. There are other things that you do not inherit from parent inherited traits. These are traits that from what the offspring learn or are caused by the environment. Phenotypes is expressed in part through the processes of transcription and translation. In transcription, the cell copies the gene

DNA is a long curved structure, made up of pairs of four specific bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, is the repository of a code from which all of our cells are made. The code is made up of base pairs which look like the

Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is the molecule that hold the genetic information of living things. In our body every cell contains about 2 meters of DNA. DNA is copied every time a cell divides. Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is made up of two polynucleotide strands. Polynucleotide strands twist around each other, forming a shape that looks like a ladder called a double helix. The two polynucleotide strands run antiaparallel to each other with nitrogenous bases this means that the stands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another. The DNA molecule consists of two backbones chains of sugars and phosphate groups. The organic bases held together by hydrogen bonds. Although bases bonded together are termed paired