Human Migration Through Bottlenecks From Southeast Asia

The Journey of Man was an interesting non-fictional anthropological literary piece where the author sought to explain how modern humans came to inhabit the world we know today. He began by talking about the mitochondrial DNA passed from mother to daughter, or the maternal line. Using this it was discovered that all people had a common female ancestor who lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago. This was one of the first steps in supporting the out of Africa hypothesis. However, mtDNA could not give all the answers to how humans moved throughout the world, and for that he turned to the male Y chromosome. By examining this, he and many other geneticists discovered the different changes throughout populations, and could estimate how long ago they occurred. According to Wells, modern humans were in Africa 60,000 years ago, and from that point began to migrate outward. For each new area, such as Asia, the Middle East, Australia, and others, there were specific polymorphisms on the Y chromosome that defined each population. By using this technique, he was able to map out when modern

Scientific findings suggest the first humans were from northeastern Asia during the last Ice Age.

Some researchers believe the Out Of Africa expansion took a southern route, following the Indian Ocean coastal boundary down in to Indonesia and finally into Sahul (Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen, 2013; Derricourt, 2005; Field and Lahr, 2005). However, genetic testing of aboriginal inhabitants of Sahul favors a combination of southern and northern routes. The northerly migration path traversed through the Altai Mountains, and shows a consistency with Denisovan genetics (Cooper and Stringer, 2013:321; Davidson, 2013:3). Modern human gene flow with Denisovans is believed to have occurred in the mainland area of Asia, before migration to Sahul (Cooper and Stringer, 2013:322; Reich et al.,

“All four Neanderthals yielded the mtDNA sequences similar to those previously determined from Neanderthal individuals, whereas none of the five early modern humans contained such mtDNA sequences. In combination with current mtDNA data, this excludes any large genetic contribution by Neanderthals to early modern humans, but does not rule out the possibility of a smaller contribution” (Serre, 16 March 2004).

Humans began their diaspora from Africa about 70,000 years ago (Newsreel.org, 2014). Since then, we have stretched to a variety of geographic locations in every corner of the world. A biological definition of race advances the idea populations within species have discernible characteristics compared to other populations, thus suggesting the presence of sub-species under Homo sapiens. This has been falsified by many scientists. Dr. Alan R. Templeton says “there are not enough genetic differences between groups of people to say that there are sub-lineages of humans” (Fitzpatrick, 2003). In fact, the genetic differences between individual humans are entirely small about 0.1% (Humanorigins.si.edu, 2014). Human populations have not been geographically barred nor isolated from one

In the Human Record, said” based on a study of living Siberian and American Indian populations strongly suggest that migrants from East Asia reached the Western Hemisphere no more than 18,000 years ago.” It explained that the Indians

Anthropologists argue that race does not exist because it is not a biological entity. The cornerstone of this basis is Fish’s illustration that humans are a species; therefore we cannot be genetically different. This means that people from anywhere on earth can mate and produce fertile offspring. Using mitochondria we are able to trace the migration of mankind by using genetic markers. This is based on the idea that both males and females inherit mitochondrial DNA identical to their mother. By performing a general DNA analysis on people from all over the world, social scientists can

Most Native American tribes had a little bit of Asian culture tied in. A student at the university of Texas A&M found traces of asian DNA in the bones of a body found in Montana. Most of DNA was Canadian but there was still a little bit of Asian DNA. The body was from native American time. This supports the idea of migration by

The reading by Min Zhou discusses how race has complicated international migration in the United State’s economy. Vega discusses how international migrants are impacting coethnic relations.

According to Diamond, Human ancestors moved to Eurasia around 1 to 2 million years ago and after human fossils began to resemble modern Homo sapiens and archaeologists called that period the Great Leap Forward. According to “Human Evolution and the Great Leap Forward - By Advocate De Waal Lubbe,” Scientists have estimated that humans branched off from their common ancestor, with chimpanzees, about 5-7 million years ago. Several species and subspecies of Homo evolved and are now extinct. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe. Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago.

While incredibly common, there is little doubt regarding the evidential nature of specified human groups containing this DNA. Neanderthals could not have contributed to modern African peoples’ genomes because Neanderthals evolved and lived exclusively in Eurasia and therefore could not have bred with the humans living in Africa at that time (Smithsonian Institution). There is a clear difference in that exclusively humans of Eurasian descent have appeared to actually have Neanderthal DNA, in comparison to modern African peoples’. Along with this, we know that these encounters may have occurred as modern humans moved into Europe. Humans may have even lived alongside Neanderthals for thousands of years, allowing for centuries of genetic exchange (Smithsonian Institution). Therein lies part of the controversy, as some make uneducated points as to differentiate Neanderthal DNA as part of a racial difference between those of Eurasian and African descent. Yet there is no current evidence to suggest Neanderthal DNA has any dictation on race alone. Although data shows this to be a frequent ancient occurrence, we must take into account the historically extensive amount of time between these collaborations that have been thought to have happened, and just how archaic they truly

The author states that the mystery of Melungeon people’s origin is slowly being solved by a recent DNA study that conducted Melungeon people are “the offspring of men who originated from sub-Saharan Africa and women from northern or central European.” Additionally, a study of the University of Virginia College at Wise claims to have found more complex DNA that states that the Melungeons are from Europe, the Middle East and India, even though this research has not been peer viewed.

According to physical evidence, and theories, scholars have concluded upon a whole hypothesis. Based on their knowledge and belief, modern humans diverged from Homo sapiens between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago specifically in Africa, that between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago members of Homo sapiens left Africa, and that these

This investigation is an exploration into the Kotch and Chernofsky family history. In which the cultural and historical background of each ancestry will be examined. Additionally, this investigation will also examine the paternal genetic lineage of the Kotch Family. In which the genomic haplogroup will be expressed through ancestral analysis and migration patterns.

Population genetic history of the Indian peninsula endowed with heterogenous complexity has received a huge attention worldwide. The incessant waves of migration of people from ancient to present time and from various directions across the world have significantly contributed in India being a genetic melting pot. The earliest inhabitant being the Austro- Asatic people around 60,000 years ago from Africa, entered India through western corridor(Nei and Ota 1991; Majumder 2001) or they have migrated from China into India through northeastern corridor (Gadgil et al 1998; Diamond 1997) followed by the arrival of Dravidian speakers around 3000 BCE from ancient Caspian civilization originated in East Africa (Lahovary N 1963, Winters CA 1985) and Tibeto-Burman speakers from South West China or North West China and southeast Asia around 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The last major migration is believed to have occurred around 1500 BCE by Indo-European speakers in consecutive waves over a long period of time (Kashyap et al., 2006). Northeast India comprising the contiguous seven states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are thought to be an important corridor for human migrations. Flanked on the north by the Eastern Himalayas (Patkai-Naga Hills and Lushai Hills) and in the south by the Bay of Bengal, constitutes a distinctive narrow passageway that connects the Indian subcontinent to East Asia and Southeast Asia (Sharma 1984). It is the