Human Radiation Executive Summary

Based from this experiments, The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research was submitted in April 18,1979 to …….? (“Impact,” n.d.).

Advances in both radiography and radiation treatment keep on advancing and get to be more sophisticated. Cases incorporate digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in which, apparently, there is the potential for more prominent inclusion by radiographers and by radiation therapists in image guided radiation treatment. Looking even to the moderately later past underscores the degree to which change is happening in the radiography and radiation treatment work environment. Case in point, ten years prior it was radiologists who embedded cannulas for CT patients (AIR 2014, 1). Presently radiographers and attendants attempt the assignment. In private radiology hones, Australian radiographers now consistently embed central lines and do feature joint, shoulder, arm, and tendon infusions under supervision.

To the contrary of this belief, by allowing untrained professional to administer radiation without the proper licensure or training not only will this result in unsafe practices, but it will also allow for greater permissible error without having to take accountability for their

Furthermore, from 1960 to 1971, a renowned radiologist, Dr. Eugene L. Saenger and his colleagues at the University of Cincinnati, conducted experiments on 88 cancer patients, aged 9 to 84, many of whom were low-income Americans, and 60% of whom were Black (Schneider, 1994). The patients were exposed to full body radiation treatment without their consent, and misinformed that the treatment had the potential to help cure their specific form of cancer, despite existing evidence to the contrary (Schneider, 1994). Patients suffered from severe stomach

Many people are unaware of the vile human experiments the United States government has condoned. Innocent men and women, became victims of these experiments without their consent or knowledge. These people were soldiers, husbands, wives, mothers, and fathers, who were maltreated and even murdered. It is vital for not only citizens of the United States of America to be aware of how their government tortured its own citizens, but also people around the world from every country there is. Being aware and educated about the revolting history of any country can prevent the unethical governmental practices from ever occurring again. There are various human experiments dating back to the 1930’s that the US government conducted which led to the demise of innocent people, caused some of the specimens involved to become mentally impaired, and when the government 's nefarious acts became exposed higher authorities apologized.

Human experimentation has a history of scandal that often shapes people’s views of the ethics of research. Often the earliest cited case is English physician Edward Jenner’s development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796,where he injected an eight-year-old boy child with pus taken from a cowpox infection and then deliberately exposed her to an infected carrier of smallpox. Although Jenner’s experiment was successful and it confirmed his theory, the method of

Science, medicine, and psychology are powerful tools capable of increasing human understanding of the world, curing diseases, or assisting individuals in living more fulfilling lives. The potential for good is drastic; however, a potential for hurt exists as well. Although history is full of stories documenting the positives of research, events of scientific research hurting individuals still haunt history. These events, including the Holocaust and the Tuskegee experiments, demonstrate instances where scientific research on human beings is clearly unethical and damaging. Due to horrific events such as these, the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research published the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, or Belmont Report, in 1979.

In 1991, The United States established a policy to protect human beings from unfair, and unwanted subjects in experiments. This process was done by establishing an Informed Consent which is a legal document. Informed consent which is a legal document that is compose and overseen by the United States judicial system. This law was a necessity due, to the way humans were being tested on in the late 20’s. Unfortunately, in the past the United States took part in a lot of experiments on human beings as test subjects. Furthermore, the overall attributes of studies conducted during the 1920’s thru the 1950’s were considered unethical acts against human beings. Furthermore, the people that were involved had no knowledge that they were subjects in a life-threatening experiment. This type of treatment towards any human being is unethical medical practices. Experimenting on anyone without his or her knowledge is now considered unconstitutional in the United States of American. Anyone can volunteer however, there are guidelines which the volunteer may be either accepted or rejected for Clinal Trails

The army created the Manhattan-Rochester Coalition to carry out the Manhattan Project that would conduct human radiation experiments to determine the effects of atomic radiation and radioactive contamination on the human body, generally on people who were poor, sick, or powerless. (Martino-Taylor, Behind the Fog). The tests were usually performed, funded, or supervised by the United States Military. During these tests, the army purposefully released radioactive chemicals over cities in the United States. The purpose of the tests was to measure the health effects of radioactive fallout that resulted from nuclear bomb tests. The focus of this research paper will be the testing done in St. Louis, MO. Another example of similar testing involves

It is now known that radium, shown in figure 4, is a potent carcinogen (a substance the cause’s cancer (Wilbraham, Staley, Marta, & Waterman, 2005)). It emits a form of ionizing radiation which “includes electromagnetic radiation (e.g., gamma rays and X-rays) as well as particles (e.g., alpha particles, beta particles, high-speed neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons, etc.)” (National Library of Medicine, n.d.). Acute studies have been done on the effects of radium exposure on the human body by organizations like the Geneva World Health Organization, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. As a result of their findings, The National Library of Medicine states that sufficient evidence has been provided showing that prolonged exposure to Raduim-224, Radium-226,

The article Radiation Protection of Medical Staff1 looks at the various occupational hazards medical imaging personnel face on a day to day basis. As technology has improved over the years, there has been an increase in the number of medical imaging procedures in which medical imaging staff must stay in the room or near the patient when the radiation exposure takes place. Because of this, medical imaging personnel could be at a substantial risk of occupational exposure to radiation and they must be aware of the proper actions and steps that are in place to keep their occupational exposure dose as low as reasonably achievable.

Ira Helfand demonstrates ethos, or authority, to argue the fact that any amount of radiation can be detrimental to public health, no matter how small. In order to effectively represent authority with this claim, Helfand uses a report from the National Research BEIR VI, “It is the consensus of the medical and scientific community, summarized in the National Research Council BEIR VII report, that there is no safe level of radiation,” (Helfand, 2012. Para. 2). The National Research Council BEIR VII specializes in the study of nuclear energy. For this group to insist that there is not an amount of exposure to radiation that could be deemed as safe, it is more of an “eye-opener” on the argument. Consequently, including an expert organization’s findings into his article allows Dr. Helfand a security of authority on the

Due to some circumstances being out of our control, whether it is through natural means of toxicity from radiation or unnatural means of radiation, how do we protect ourselves? The Earth is covered in natural background radiation. Terrestrial, cosmic and radon radiation are all a part of our environment. Even if manmade radiation and nuclear radiation didn’t exist, we would still be exposed to toxic, unhealthy sources of biological changing substances. How do our bodies recover from an assault to our immune systems and resume a healthy life from ionizing radiation that can cause cancer? How do we become proactive, and responsible for our own health outcome? Can we eliminate from our bodies unwanted toxins, carcinogens, free radicals, and ionizing substances? Do we have control over our health after a large dose of radiation from a nuclear accident, or treatment from radiation therapy? Evidence shows that we do. Just as there are natural sources of radiation, there are natural ways to cleanse our bodies and use nutrition to detoxify, rejuvenate, and restore health when our immunity has been compromised from natural or unnatural sources of radiation.

While healthy babies are born every day, not everyone is so fortunate. In many cases, diagnostic radiology is required for patients during their childhood. Can having this radiation during the formative years lead to adverse effects later in life? The biggest concern from radiation is the risk of cancer. Cancer can occur at any dose from ionizing radiation because it is a stochastic effect, meaning that it is probabilistic. The probability of a stochastic effect, such as cancer, increases as the dose increases. While receiving this radiation may be necessary, it can cause some serious trouble later in life, such as breast cancer, leukemia, and thyroid cancer.

The effects of radiation can be hazardous to any part of the human body. In this guide I will explain the advantages, and disadvantages of x-ray radiation. I will also discuss the technological advances that we have today then of what we had the past on the human body during radiation exposure. I will explain preventions of exposure and safety precautions that we as dental assistants as well as patients can follow to stay safe.