Human Replacement Therapy Essay

Sapolsky goes on to explain how stress in our lives can also lead to loss of libido and reproduction. During periods of stress, males can see a decrease in circulating testosterone due to a release of specific hormones in the brain which basically shut down the activity of the testes, which are responsible for testosterone release. On the female side, the author tells us that studies have shown how stress suppresses estrogen production, which in turn disrupts sexual behavior in women. (Sapolsky, 1994. p. 124)

Estrogen and progesterone both have an effect on a females growth, mood, and physical growth.

Hormone substitution treatment can be characterized as supplanting the common hormones, for example, estrogen and progesterone with artificially made hormones. Hormone swap treatment is an aid for ladies who encounter the nightmarish side effects of menopause. The advantages of HRT are numerous. They incorporate a rest from hot flushes, a sleeping disorder and vaginal dryness. It has likewise been found that it can counteract illnesses like Alzheimer's sickness, colon tumor and solid degeneration or loss of motion.

Recent studies have suggested that bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) might prove to be an effective treatment

EP seems concerned about the hormonal therapy (HT) due to risks involved with HT such as strokes, blood clots, and breast cancer. However, the provider should educate her on the benefits of HT, since it is considered the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms. Benefits of HT include easing of hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal dryness. HT can be prescribed as a short-term treatment with a low-dose of estrogen therapy (ET) such as an oral Ethinyl estradiol 0.025 mg daily, if she has undergone hysterectomy. If EP still have her uterus, estrogen/progestogen therapy (EPT) is recommended and she can take Prempro, combined therapy containing 0.625mg conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) + 2.5mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) daily. The doses can be adjusted according to the symptoms after one month of therapy (Elder & Thacker,

De Leonibus, M. L. Marcovecchio, V. Chiavaroli, T. de Giorgis, F. Chiarelli, and A. Mohn, took a sample of 155 Caucasian children to see if puberty and physical growth vary in obese when compared to normal-weight children. At first, the children were assessed to make sure they were pre-pubertal and then followed thereafter during their pubertal years. This study was conducted over a 7 year period from January 2004 to September 2012. Out of the 155 children, 100 were obese pre-pubertal children (44boys and 56 girls). The Obesity Clinic of the Department of Pediatrics in Italy had referred these obese children for the study. Even though these children were obese, they were in good health and were not affected by any chronic diseases. However, physical disabilities, abnormalities of pubertal development or other endocrine disorders were excluded. It was also made sure the participants were not taking any medication known to affect the gonadal function and to make sure none had a family history of precocious or delayed pubertal development. It was also made sure the children had not participated in weight loss or dietary restrictions before beginning the study. The remanding 55 children, would be the control group. This group consisted of Caucasian normal weight children (27 boys and 28 girls) that would be compared to the obese group. These children were referred by the Paediatric outpatient clinics of the hospital for minor health

Obesity is a leading nutritional disease in the United States, and there are various causes for why teenage obesity is growing. Hereditary factors like having a parent who has obesity, lack of physical activity, or unhealthy diets, are all signs of provoking obesity. Teenagers that are surrounded by family members that are obese tend to also be linked to the same eating habits as their family members. Consecutively, another cause for teenage obesity is a medical condition involving hormonal growth but this however

Hormones found in food is causing early puberty in adolescents. In recent news article published by NBC News an eight year old girl started developing acne and breast. Her parents didn’t know how to cope with their daughter maturing at such an early age so they decided to take her to the doctor. There the little girl was diagnosed with early puberty and had to be treated with drug implants to slow down her sudden growth. Recent studies have shown that meat industry animals injected with synthetic growth hormones such as Zeranol, Trenbolone, and Melengestrol that leads to negatives effects to the people that consume the foods that the animals produce. Some of these hormones found in animals can throw off the natural chemical balance and affect your hormones. If children are consuming these foods with added hormones their natural balance may be thrown off which causes them to endure early puberty.

Hormones with the function of delaying puberty, also prevent normal development and can cause infertility (Christian Medical and Dental Associations, 2017). Prolongation of cross-sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) with puberty is linked with greater health risks including “high blood pressure, blood clots, stroke, and cancer (Christian Medical and Dental Associations, 2017).”

During estrogen-induced LH surge trilostane inhibited the amount of LH hormone in the blood. Trilostane blocks the synthesis of progesterone which means that animals treated with this can not produce progesterone. This means that although estrogen is available, progesterone and estrogen is need for an LH surge to occur. Female progesterone levels are highest in the hypothalamus. This means that progesterone can be made in the brain and is made in various parts of the brain. Although progesterone is made in other regions of the brain, estrogen-induced progesterone are located in the hypothalamus. Since progesterone levels where the highest in the hypothalamus, this means that estrogen is needed to turn on the receptor which also stimulate the production of progesterone and thus LH hormone to be released which then lead to ovulation. The author did not over interpret their result because the discussion connect the results back to their initial study and how the LH occurs in

The biological origin of obesity in children must be examined in order to gain an understanding of the factors that lead to this condition. Children become overweight and obese for a variety of reasons. Some of the most common causes are a lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating habits and hormonal problems. Obesity is increasing at an alarming rate among children, therefore; research programs geared toward finding solutions will be helpful.

HRT rose in the effort to ease symptoms associated with menopause. Today there is little doubt that hot flushes amongst others can be relieved by the use of exogenous estrogens.2 The focus of HRT changed however in the 1990s from short-term treatment to preventive long-term treatment.2 Exogenous hormones are very bioactive and interact with endogenous hormones and interfere with natural variations. Estradiol, the main component of HRT in Europe, has shown effects on inflammation74-77, immunity78, 79 and metabolism80-86. These effects are multifaceted and not unidirectional,81, 86, 87 as they strongly depend on the tissue and the specific microenvironment.88-91 The effects of HRT depend further on age, timing in relation to menopause, dose and therapeutic window2, 81, 84

“Perimenopause is the period extending from the first signs of menopause- usually hot flashes, vaginal dryness, or irregular menses- to beyond the complete cessation of menses” (2014). There are two basic regimens for Hormone therapy, estrogen alone and estrogen plus progestin. “The purpose of estrogen in both regimens is to control menopausal symptoms by replacing estrogen that was lost owing to menopause. The progestin is present for one reason only; to counterbalance estrogen mediated stimulation of the endometrium, which can lead to endometrial hyperplasia and cancer” (2016). The estrogen/progestin regimen is used for women who still have a uterus while the estrogen only is used for women who have undergone a hysterectomy.

2006), potentially due to an increased maternal nutrient availability of lipid that alters fetal growth. The outcome is mainly subjected to the high percentage of body fat rather than lean body mass. This excess weight gain during birth predicts the potential of overweight during childhood, which increases the risk of adolescent obesity. This finding is consistent with many cohort studies, which also indicate a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, high serum triglyceride and fatty acid levels in offspring leading to the relative high body mass, resulting in a strong association between maternal BMI and childhood BMI (Gaillard et al. 2014 & Cianni et al. 2005). However, the outcome may partly be associated with lifestyle and genetic factors.

Sonny Alika Oliva was born on September 7, 2000 in Kapiolani Hospital. I was always someone who didn’t really know who or what to identify myself as. I never did fit in with a group of boys because that made me so uncomfortable no matter how much I try to. I was more gravitated towards a girls group of friends. I’ve always had anxiety at a very young age which would occur at school, large crowds, and family parties. I’ve always faced genitalia issues and questioned my appearance since I was 4 years old. My reflection is always a reminder of the body I’m not supposed to be in…