Hydatid Disease Essay

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread and infamous bacterial infection affecting the genital tract. Not only is it quite common in developed countries but an increase in cases has sprung up in developing countries as well. In the United States, there is a 4 million per year case rate of chlamydia which costs the US approximately $2 billion dollars in consequences and treatments. Persons who suffer from chlamydia in underdeveloped countries and have no means of seeking treatment may become blind because chlamydia has the potential of causing trachoma. It is becoming a global interest to control and restrain this budding disease. In order to do so it is essential to recognize the symptoms of chlamydia, diagnose the victim, and

The prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases is no doubt imperative to the well-being of a society, even more so, on college campuses where the risk of communicability is greatest and can even affect loved ones and close friends. This hazard is further increased within Historically Black Colleges and Universities due to less consideration given to the risk associated with having intercourse. This is mainly caused by a lack of awareness in regard to STD's and their transmission, with the most prevalent cases involving HIV and AIDS. The problem lies within societal and cultural risks. Students at HBCU's tend to have unprotected sex and often times not tell their partners if they are carrying a disease because they are either afraid to

There it was, an epidemic breakout. Something so powerful to the human body. How could this be so effective? Changing how our body is functioning; to making us severely sick. This is a disease we call Syphilis. Here we are in 1945 where it was seemed that Syphilis has made it’s breakthrough to humans carried from Christopher Columbus sailors’ from America to Western Europe, and soon enough around the world.


Individuals who contracts Chlamydia in urban areas are able to have professional doctors that are able to treat the infection. If there wasn’t enough professional doctors available, Chlamydia can eventually spread to certain parts of the body. It infects males in the urethra (tube of the penis) and may spread to the epididymis, whilst it infects females in the neck of the uterus (cervix) and spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease and etc. As a result of the number of professional doctors in urban areas, doctors are able to cure and treat Chlamydia

The healthcare provider can diagnose syphilis by taking a sample of fluid from a suspicious ulcer and having that fluid examined under a microscope for the presence of syphilis bacteria; or also can be easily diagnosed with a quick and inexpensive blood test at the doctor's office or at a public health clinic. However, a FTA-ABS is commonly used as a confirmatory test following positive VDRL or RPR test findings. FTA-ABS has a sensitivity of 84% for detecting primary syphilis infection and almost 100% sensitivity for detecting syphilis infection in other stages. Its specificity is 96% (Clement et al.,

This drug has been used for more than 20 years, but there was limited information about how it performs throughout the body. In 2002, a study was conducted that resulted in three findings. Imidocarb dipropionate is effectively spread throughout the tissues, a prolonged period was required for complete elimination from the tissues, and it is fully sequestered in the vascular and extra vascular compartment. The liver reported to be the main source for storage of this drug. The disadvantages of using imidocarb are dose dependent hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and rising levels of mortality and morbidity. It was unknown until the Texas outbreak whether horses could be ridden of infection completely, or if horses that had recovered could still carry the pathogen (Minamiji-Corp, 2013; Sumbria and Singla, 2015). The main objective to combatting this disease is to eliminate haemoprotozoan parasites from equines. T. equi is more difficult to fight off with babesiacidal drugs than B. caballi. In the past, dyes such as Trypan blue were used to thwart B. caballi, but not for T. equi. This dye would cause a discoloration of the animal’s tissues. Other drugs such as diminazene, diaceturate, imidocarb and amicarbalide are also effective in eliminating EP infections. Antitherilerial compounds, parvaquone and bupurvaquone have shown the

Chlamydia is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease caused by the pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis that can be found in the mucous membranes of the genital region, the throat, and the eyes (Malhotra 2014). It is an obligate intracellular parasite that is gram-negative and cocci. The pathogen is mainly transmitted between sexual partners during sexual intercourse. However, if a pregnant female is infected with the pathogen she can transmit it to her child during a vaginal delivery with the baby passes through the mothers birth canal. Chlamydia trachomatis can cause urethritis in males and mucopurulent cervicitis, urethritis, and endometritis in females (Harryman et al. 2014). Mucopurulent cervcitis can lead to three main complications in women

Mode of infection: A mode of infection for Hydatid Cysts is the ingestion of eggs. If a person ingests food or drinks water that is contaminated with feces from a person or animal with tapeworm, a microscopic tapeworm eggs can be ingested. If an animal has a tapeworm infection, it contains larvae cysts in its muscle or tissue, therefore eating undercooked meat can have you ingest the larvae. The larvae will then develop into adult tapeworms in the intestines.

Human hydatidosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus (taeniid tapeworm). Hydatidosis is recognized by long-term growth of hydatid cysts in the different organs (liver, spleen, lung, muscle, brain and etc.) of human and other intermediate hosts (1). Hydatidosis still remains a major public health problem in many parts of the world with pastoral communities, especially in regions of South America, East Africa, Eastern Europe, Russia, the Mediterranean littoral and Middle East, Central Asia and China (2). Treatment depends on stage, size, localization and complications of the cysts (3). Currently, four treatment modalities are in use for hydatid disease: chemotherapy, percutaneous aspiration, injection and reaspiration (PAIR) and surgery

Large numbers of eosinophil cells in the blood stream is necessary to diagnosis Schistomosomiasis, because they immune cells are involve with responding to parasitic activities in the body. Before doctors can treat for schismosomiasis, they have to be certain that the patient have the parasites living inside of them. Schistome reproduce by producing thousand of eggs daily, so doctors examine patient urine and feces for the eggs. Tissue biopsy can be order alone with a blood sample; doctors look at the blood sample to find particular antigen that stimulated immune response (Ferrara, 2010). There is one problem with testing the patient’s blood, which is the test, could show negative if the patient has been exposure to the parasite less then six months. Ultrasound, computed tomography scan (CT scan), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to detect damage to the urinary track and blood vessels (Mawyer,

There are two different kinds of lab tests, Molecular tests and Serology tests. A Molecular test is looking for evidence of an active infection of MERS-CoV. Molecular tests are used to diagnose patients who are thought to be infected with MERS-CoV because of their symptoms. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT- PCR) assays are molecular tests that are used to find specific RNA that come from the virus in a host's body. This test converts the viral RNA into its DNA. After it is converted, you look at one of MERS-CoV's DNAs and see if it matches. If it does, this is a positive test and the patient is infected with MERS. The success of the test depends on several things. These factors include the experience of the lab workers, the environment (no contamination), and the condition and type of the specimens being tested. When doing this test, multiple specimens are recommended to get to best result. However, a serology test is used in a different way. It is made to detect previous infection in patients may have had the virus. To do this, the serology test looks for antibodies to MERS-CoV. "Antibodies are proteins produced by the body's immune system to attack and kill viruses, bacteria, and other microbes during infection." If the test finds antibodies to MERS-CoV it proves that the patient has previously been infected with the virus and now has an immune response. It has one screening test and two confirmatory tests to find antibodies to MERS-CoV. The screening part is called enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) and the confirmatory tests are called immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and microneutralhzation assay to check for the positive result. (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome,

http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/180/6/1957.short Accessed 8th of September 2015. Online ISSN 1537-6613. written in 1999 by infectious diseases.

Some evidence exist to support or argue against the idea that Pityriasis rosea is a reaction to HHV-6 or HHV-7

Several different laboratory tests are used to test people who may be infected with MERS-CoV. People who have been exposed to MERS-COV are classified into symptomatic and asymptomatic. People who develop MERS-COV symptoms have an active infection that is diagnosed by using laboratory molecular test. This test detects the viral RNA in the suspected samples taken from upper and lower respiratory specimens, serum, and stool. Asymptomatic people who have exposed to MERS-CoV but do not develop symptoms are tested by serology tests. Serology tests are used to find if MERS-CoV can be transmitted by asymptomatic people. Serology test is a two-phase approach that uses screening test and two confirmatory tests to detect antibodies to MERS-COV.

Hydatid disease (hydatidosis) is a parasitic disease that remains a clinical problem worldwide, especially in areas where animal husbandry and subsistence farming form an integral part of community life [17]. Seventy-five percent of all hydatid cysts are found in the liver [18], and these are usually managed either by surgery or medicinal treatment [19]. Surgery is associated with considerable mortality, morbidity, and recurrence rate. It is also expensive, and, clearly, needs expertise [20]. Chemotherapy can be used as treatment for patients considered not fit for surgery, or as an adjuvant to surgical treatment preoperatively or postoperatively, or both [19]. Various degrees of success have been claimed for many drugs that are now being used