Hydrate Lab

The purpose of this lab is to determine the formula of an unknown hydrate. To achieve this, we heated a hydrate over a Bunsen burner to drive out the water. As a result, the anhydrate is left and the data is used to calculate the mole ratio between the amount of anhydride and water. Then the mole ratios are used to calculate the hydration number, which was 4.8, but was rounded to 5 in the formula. The accepted formula is 〖CuSO〗_4∙5H_2 O and the percent of error was 4%.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the percent by mass in a hydrated salt, as well as to learn to handle laboratory apparatus without touching it. The hydrated salt, calcium carbonate, was heated with high temperature to release water molecules. Gravimetric analysis was used in this experiment to determine the percent by mass of water in a hydrated salt. The hypothesis of this experiment was accepted on the basis that the percent by mass of volatile water in the hydrated salt would be fewer than 30%. The percent by mass was determined by the mass of water loss devised by the mass of hydrated salt multiplied by total capacity

The percent of water can be determined in a hydrate by first determining the mass of the hydrate Copper (II) Sulfate penta-hydrate. The substance will be a deep blue color when it is a hydrate. By heating the substance, water is evaporated, removing the water from the hydrate, making it anyhydrous through a simple decomposition reaction. Evaporation is completed when the substance turns from a blue to a white/ grey color. The mass of the water in a hydrate is determined by subtracting the mass of the hydrate from the mass of the anhydrate. The mass of the water is then divided by the mass of the hydrate, and multiplied by one hundred, resulting in the percent of water in the hydrate, which is 36.35%. The percent error is determined by subtracting

The mass percent of water was determined using the mass of water and dividing it by the total mass of the hydrate and then multiplying that answer by 100%. The number of moles of water in a hydrate was determined by taking the mass of the water released and dividing it by the molar mass of water. The number of moles of water and the number of moles of the hydrate was used to calculate the ratio of moles of water to moles of the sample. This ratio was then used to write the new and balanced equation of the dehydration process. The sample was then rehydrated to the original state and the percent of the hydrate recovered was calculated by using the mass of the rehydrated sample by

The primary of this lab is about the hydrate. The hydrate is a compound formed by an ionic bond combined with the water molecule (known as “water of hydration”) attached to it. So for every formula unit, there would be some amount of water molecule combined with the ionic compound and would act as a single compound. Our theoretical hydrate for this lab was CuSO4 * 5H2O. To remove the water from the compound and get the mass of the ionic compound, you need to follow the dehydrating procedure by heating. That would separate the ionic bond (CuSO4) from the water molecule (5H2O) once it reaches certain decomposition temperature. And to physically determine whether or not the water of hydration is removed, see the color, in our case, turning white from blue. Once the water molecules have entirely evaporated, the mass left would be the weight of the ionic compound (mass of CuSO4 in grams).

During the last lab, two properties were highlighted to facilitate the experiment. This lab had demonstrated the use of the properties of hydrates and the law of conservation of mass using hydrates. There were four differents experiment which were used to defined the final product. Hydrates being defined as compound were combined with water. Water had played a big role in some part of the experiment.

Effect of salt intake on ADH production measured by volume and specific gravity of urine.

Purpose: In this lab, we will calculate the percent composition of water in a hydrate and determine the empirical formula of the hydrate.

For this lab inquiry, students were placed in groups of 2-3 and tasked with finding the correlation between the temperature of a solvent, and the dissolution rate of a solute. These materials were necessary in order to successfully conduct the experiment: One 10 mL graduated cylinder, one 25 mL graduated cylinder, one 50 mL graduated cylinder, 1-2 100 mL graduated beakers, 1-2 900 mL graduated beakers, some 1-3 squirt bottles, water, 1-3 pounds of ice, a heated container, 11 start/stop timers, roughly 15 styrofoam cups, and a yogurt cup filled to the brim with M&Ms. In order to collect data, students would need to prepare cold and hot water, using the materials provided. Nextly, students would create ratios of cold and hot water, making the maximum amount of each type of water to be 100 mL, with the max amount of water being 100 mL. The ratio would act like so:

This lab's function was the study of osmosis and concentration gradients. Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. Permeable membranes allow certain solvents to pass through while selectively preventing solutes from doing the same. Tonicity dictates the direction and speed of diffusion. Plant cell thrive better in an hypotonic environment, allowing them to always be full of water and thus turgid.

In this lab, the alkalinity, or buffering capacity, of three samples of water was tested. Indicator dye was added to the samples and acid of known normality was added until the alkaline components were depleted at near pH 4.2. The Na2CO3 solution sample was found to have an alkalinity equivalent of 270 mg-CaCO3. The NaOH solution was found to have an alkalinity equivalent of 205 mg-CaCO3. The tap water solution was found to possess an alkalinity equivalent of 310 mg-CaCO3.

Hannah Niehaus Bio Lab 111 W 1-4:50 Valerie Sponyoe Increased Sugar Concentration Increases Rate of Osmosis Introduction: Osmosis is a critical process of life in which water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Osmosis is a type of passive transport, in which no additional energy is needed for a solution to reach equilibrium. In order for osmosis to occur there must be a selectively permeable membrane that allows the transfer of water molecules and a concentration gradient of a specific solute that is unable to diffuse across said selectively permeable membrane (Eisenbach et al. 2018). A hypotonic solution in relation to the cell will cause the cell to swell while

Out of the five liquids in this lab, only one is a base. The baking soda is a base because it has a pH of 10 and things with pHs of eight to 14 are bases. Three out of the seven are acids. Acids have a pH of zero to six. Vinegar is an an acid since it has a pH of three, close to that is lemon juice with a pH of two. Bleach is also an acid because it has a pH of 6. Only one one substance in the lab was neutral, which was water since it has a pH of 7. Living things must maintain a pH of seven. Buffers play a large part in maintaining the body’s pH level. Buffers are weak acids that react with strong bases or acids. They’re made by the body to prevent sharp or sudden changes in the body’s pH. One thing I learned from this lab is how quickly pH

So, what are hydrates? Hydrates are crystalline, ice-like solids that form when small gas molecules, such as methane, ethane, and propane, are trapped in hydrogen-bonded water cages under high pressure and low temperature conditions. Hydrate nuclei form from the films of water on the tubular walls. The crystallization of hydrates can result in formation of hydrate plugs which can end up being hundreds of meters long. The formation of these hydrates can vary from instantly to a few hours. If there is free water present, hydrates can form in the pipes. Natural gas hydrates are crystals formed by water with small gas molecules and associated liquids in a ratio of 85 mol% water and 15 mol% hydrocarbons. Gas hydrates have been called “the burning ice.” This is due to the fact that gas hydrates are “host” water cages containing “guest” gas molecules. These combustible gas molecules can be

Based on the hydraulic theory velocity=discharge / height, with the same discharge, lower height of stream flows with higher velocity than stream with greater height. The energy equation K.E.=mv22 and E=y+v22g also show Measured y2 contains lower