Hydrate Nucleation

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the percent by mass in a hydrated salt, as well as to learn to handle laboratory apparatus without touching it. The hydrated salt, calcium carbonate, was heated with high temperature to release water molecules. Gravimetric analysis was used in this experiment to determine the percent by mass of water in a hydrated salt. The hypothesis of this experiment was accepted on the basis that the percent by mass of volatile water in the hydrated salt would be fewer than 30%. The percent by mass was determined by the mass of water loss devised by the mass of hydrated salt multiplied by total capacity

In the hydration reaction of Portland cement, the absolute volume of hydration products formed is less than the combined volume of the reacted cement and water. This volume reduction is called the chemical shrinkage. After setting of the cement paste, microstructure of the paste is developed as a result that the paste is not able to change its bulk volume freely; therefore, only a fraction of total chemical shrinkage results in a decrease of its external volume which is known as autogenous shrinkage. While, the rest of total shrinkage presents as an increase of the internal porosity. [Ivan Odler. Special inorganic cements. 1st ed. London: E & FN. Spon; 2000.] Another kind of bulk shrinkage of cement is called drying shrinkage. Drying shrinkage is caused due to the loss of moisture from cement paste to environment. To prevent these shrinkages, moist curing may be used. But, upon subsequent exposure to an atmosphere of normal humidity, the material slowly loses water and exhibits a shrinkage finally. In addition, during

The purpose of this experiment was to find the amount and percent of water in a hydrated salt. Hydrated salt contains water molecules chemically bound to it while anhydrous salt is a substance that fire can readily remove the water molecules. Using the gravimetric analysis method, the sample salt was measured, heated, and was measured again after cooled down to room temperature; this procedure allowed the weight of water lost in the salt to be obtained. After two trials, the water in the salt was determined to have an average percent water of -35.04%. The null hypothesis, the heat will not affect the amount of water lost, was rejected ,however, the alternative hypothesis, the heat will allow for there to be water lost, was not supported.

This report concerns the acid-catalyzed hydration of norbornene to produce exo-norborneol. Such hydration reactions of alkenes typically occur under acidic conditions so that a strong enough electrophile is available in solution for the nucleophilic double bond on the alkene to successfully attack it. This is to say, that if this reaction is done in water, with the hydrogen as the electrophile, the O-H bond is too strong for the double bond to effectively attack the hydrogen and detach it. If instead H3O+ is available in acidic conditions, the extra proton attached to the molecule is the electrophile; this electrophile is strong enough for the reaction to proceed.

The study of Godfrey et al., (2012) suggests older people in hospital appear to benefit when a family member or carer participate in aspects of their care. Beneficial family/career participation includes sharing information with staff. This information may establish the older person’s usual behaviour patterns and will help to individualize hydration care plan in order to provide a relatively consistent routine and encourage the desire of older people hydration need. The support for the importance of family involvement in hydration care is discussed by more importantly; the family’s involvement in patient nutrient care should not replace the nurses’ responsibility for providing this aspect of patient care. Therefore, developing knowledge and

Hydrazine or H2H4 is an extremely toxic unstable liquid that was first discovered by Theodor Curtius. In 1907 Freidrich Raschig was the persin to discover an efficent way to produce Hydrazine at an industrial level, this process is called the Olin- Raschig process. It is a man made molecule and is created by mixing sodium hypochlorite with ammonium to create chloramine and sodium hydroxide . Then is added anhydrous  ammonium which is put under presure and this produces hydrazine, water and salt as a by product . Hydrazine is a greta reducing agent and thr only by products are nitrogen and water. It is used to reduce plutoniuim waste back into its solid state. Also it is used as a precursor for organic synthese. In that process it is

The paper describes the conditions and mechanism of hydrate formation and consequently relates to the prevention of hydrate formation. Benefits and drawbacks of each inhibition system are

Natural gas hydrates are a form of clathrates or inclusion compounds which consist of some guest molecules trapped in a cage structure, built by host molecules. In the case of natural gas hydrates, small gas molecules (light hydrocarbons, acid gases and water-soluble polar compounds) occupy hallow spaces within the network of water molecules, connected together through hydrogen bounds [1-4]. Also many important hydrate formers were recognized during nineteenth century, this field remained as a scientific curiosity in those days [1,

The structure of basic ionized water makes it a sound segment of anybody 's eating regimen. Since this kind of water is diminished through electrolytes , it contains numerous more dynamic hydrogen atoms - ORP than does customary faucet water. Also, it contains smaller water bunches of 4 to 6 atoms rather than 12 to 14 particles for every group as found in filtered water. These properties permit antacid water from ionizers to go about as a solid and powerful cancer prevention agent in enhancing your health by detoxifying the cells in your body through the balance of free radicals. Taking after is a depiction of the science behind the numerous medical advantages of antacid water, and also a rundown of some of these medical advantages. Antacid water is any water that has a PH over 7.0 This can be accomplished from various perspectives.Adding baking soda to faucet water or filtered water can make it antacid. You make water basic in alleged "Common Processes" by adding antacid minerals to the water.Soluble water is any water that has a PH over 7.0 Alkaline ionized water can be accomplished from various perspectives. You add baking soda to faucet water or filtered water to make it basic. You make water antacid in purported "Normal Processes" by adding basic minerals to the water.Soluble ionized water is made by water ionizers in a procedure called water electrolysis. This procedure happens inside the electrolysis council of a the water ionizer machine.The key term here is

as no reaction salts could form. This is the reason why the salt domes of the Gulf Coast are free from gas inclusions, with the exception of some cases

One of the conundrums of carbonate diagenesis is that seawater is supersaturated in dolomite, yet dolomite is rarely directly precipitated in the present day. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different mechanisms that have been postulated to explain dolomitization, and why it is important to understand from a hydrocarbon perspective.

Although this may seem appealing scientists are still working on the extraction. These gas hydrates also pose another danger—one of their main components, methane, is a greenhouse gas and harvesting the energy from these

The global demand for energy is rising every day and the generation today needs energy to support its needs. But on the other hand the hydrocarbon reserves around the world are falling, causing the energy prices to rise. As the production is declining and the demand for fossil fuel is going high, economic production of gas from unconventional sources (tight gas, coal bed methane and gas hydrate) is a big challenge today. To satisfy the energy needs of the generation today, it is necessary to exploit the unconventional sources of energy, most importantly gas trapped in tight formations (low permeability) which are technically possible today by the technological advancements made in drilling and completion technology namely horizontal

When concrete is prepared cement is mixed with water but the hardened concrete formed after hydration of cement is not solid mass but a porous material. There is formation of pores due to extra water then required water for complete hydration added initially. Water occupies some fraction of the total initial volume and after the hydration of cement water is held physically, chemically or is adsorbed on product after hydration. This leads to formation of pore structure inside the hydrated cement.

As C-S-H gel grows outward from the cement particles, it does not form a single large block or monolithic solid phase but instead develops a complex internal system of tiny pores, called gel pores. Gel pores are hundreds or thousands of times smaller than the original capillary pores which are relatively large. The liquid water present in the gel pores is not part of the solid C-S-H phase chemically but it is physically isolated, thus it cannot undergo any further chemical reaction with the cement.