Hydrate Research Paper

Natural gas is playing an increasingly important role in the global economy, rising to the occasion as an alternative to other fossil fuels such as coal because it burns cleaner. As the oil reserves in many parts of the world are being depleted, the availability of a viable alternative such as natural gas is becoming increasingly important. So too is the lure of the future possibility of energy independence for countries both developed and developing.

The Southern California natural gas leak was the biggest of its kind in U.S. history. This natural gas leak was pumping out enough methane to fill a balloon the size of the Rose Bowl every day until utility workers discovered it and charily patched it up with cement. According to the first study of the accident published in the journal Science, more than 100,000 tons of methane which is a powerful greenhouse gas that has 25 times the warming energy of carbon dioxide had been releasing itself into the world from a natural gas well in Aliso Canyon for 112 days without anyone even knowing. This gas leak accident was unnoticed for so long that its effects on Earth were and will continue to be detrimental as methane then turns into carbon dioxide

The hydra is a genus of small freshwater animal. The hydra is able to reproduce asexually using both the strategies of budding and fragmentation. It is able to reproduce using the strategy of fragmentation very well, as the part cut from the original organism can come from any part of the organism and be whatever size. Even the smallest parts cut can form full offspring.

As shown previously, methane hydrate contains 1 mole of methane for every 5.75 mole of water, corresponding to 13.4% methane by mass, in ideal situation. In reality, this number might be lower. Therefore, the actual energy housed within a methane hydrate formation is likely to be much lower than that of a conventional gas, coal, or oil formation with the same volume. Combining with the reality that a methane hydrate formation can exist with very low methane hydrate saturation (~5%), the energy housed within such formation will be even lower. Therefore, when extracting a methane hydrate formation, the maximum energy input for extraction is of consideration, since if the required input energy is larger than the theoretical output energy, the whole process will become commercially unfavorable. There is not enough statistical data to show the net energy output while using thermal injection method or CO2 injection method. But both of these methods are energy intensive. For thermal injection method, a constant stream of steam or hot water need to be produced and injected into the formation. While the constant production of steam or hot water is already energy intensive, the heat dissipation during injection is also considerable, since the formations are typically hundreds of meters underneath the seafloor or hundreds of meters deep in the permafrost. For CO2 injection method, the CO2

Hydrazine is widely used in industrial and agricultural activities such as fuel cells, rocket propellants, explosives, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitor, insecticides and plant growth regulators.1,2 Although hydrazine possesses significant applications, it can raise potential threat to the living things because hydrazine is a toxic material which can be served as neurotoxin, carcinogenic and hepatoxic substance.3 Besides that, the exposure of high level of hydrazine can cause irritation to nose, eye, throat, dizziness, nausea, temporary blindness, pulmonary edema and coma, which will eventually endanger the liver, kidneys and central nervous system of humans.4

We all know bath salts are used to make bath time soothing and fun for all. Bath salts should be put to use only for bath time. Did you know that those sweet smelling little rocks had a dark side. That dark side, however, is bath salts is a drug once its inside our bodies.

Therefore, this essay will explore the hidden threat of methane hydrates as a significant contribution to future global warming by examining in depth the structure of methane hydrates and why this is crucial to the specific factors that determine the stability of methane hydrates and what environmental changes are necessary to destabilise this as well as their past and future threats to global

Normally appearance of gas hydrates is under high pressure (above 30 bars) and low temperature (20 degrees C) conditions. The fluid composition also affects its formation [6] .[B6]. Hydrate formation is a substantial problem in deep water production and underwater pipelines. Preventing hydrate in the pipeline is real challenging since it happens in a hostile environment, where very low temperature is encountered and in a subsea pipeline, where pressure can reach high levels. Since the 1970s, the oil and gas industry has faced increasing cost associated with inhibition of gas hydrate formation, due to the development of offshore gas reservoir [7] [C].

The Coalbed methane refers to methane that is produced in association with coal, and CBM reserves are located wherever large deposits of coal are found. CBM is formed through organic decomposition, and it adheres to the many surfaces of the coal until it is released through natural or man-made processes. This “unconventional” energy resource has both similar and unique challenges to those in conventional oil and gas production.

Methane, a greenhouse gas made of carbon and hydrogen, is twenty times more effective than carbon dioxide at trapping heat into the atmosphere, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), thus making too much methane in the atmosphere contributes greatly to climate change. In 2000, the rate of methane in the atmosphere had little or no growth, but in 2007 the rate started to raise again. This was the focus of a study done by climate scientists from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Karlsruhe, Germany and from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research in Lauder, New Zealand.

Fart jokes aside, methane isn’t all that exciting. But for energy hungry nations such as Japan, methane could the key element in developing national energy independence. Methane in the form of methane hydrate, a crystalline form of natural gas found at the bottom of oceans and in the Arctic permafrost, will within the next twenty years reshape the global geopolitical landscape of energy.

Scientists at Cardiff University have discovered the presence of large concentrations of methane gas trapped in the ocean floor. This gas is due to dying and decomposing sea organisms, or serpentinization. The sediment contains bacteria that produce methane, which accumulates as super concentrated methane ice, called gas hydrates. The layer of ice traps the methane gas, and scientists are studying it as a potential energy source.

The greatest advantage associated with methane clathrates is that, per amount of fuel, they have a much higher energy potential due to the dense storage of methane in the lattice structure.The concentration of methane within clathrates is 6500 times higher than in saturated aqueous solution (Ripmeester, J.A., & Alavi, S., 2016), meaning less clathrates would have to be mined to receive the same energy provided by other fuels, reducing the negative environmental impacts and possibly the cost of processes such as mining and transport. Furthermore, with the ever growing population, more and more energy is required by humans each year and methane clathrates has the potential to provide this energy. Methane

‘Methane’ is the primary source of natural gas and the methane settlement found in coal seams is called ‘Coal Bed Methane’ a.k.a. CBM. Unlike conventional sources of energy, the extraction mechanism of CBM is very unique. Earlier methane used to be extracted through biological processes like Methanogenesis by formation of microbes, or a thermal processes where as wells are drilled deeper into the coal seam the temperature rises steeply and as a result thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material. The latest extraction technology uses water pumped from wells drilled into the coal seam thereby depreassurising the water held in the seam and results in the free flow of methane gas which is pipped and marketed. This technology grabbed popularity among energy traders and geophysicists and was considered as an ‘eco-friendly’ technique of CBM extraction unlike other extraction processes which required mining or combustion of coal. Though in comparison, this hydraulic technique is not as polluting as mining or combustion, the water which is produced from such operation can contain harmful and hazardous radio active material from the earth, thus if not regulated and discharged in a safe and proper manner it could pose extreme

Methane hydrates, also known as Methane clathrates, are rapidly becoming a topic of interest to many looking for alternative energy sources that would ease our reliance on fossil fuels while scientists are working on innovative new ways to extract the energy with minimal damage to the climate. These natural gas deposits resting under ocean sediment appear very alluring to governments and other entities looking for more energy independence. Nations look at energy independence favorably as a way to stay geopolitically independent and perhaps gain an upper hand in trade with nations that still rely on imported energy. The total amount of carbon located in gas hydrates in the ocean exceeds the amount of all the oil, gas, and coal currently being refined in total (Nersesian 2007).