Hydrated Salt Experiment

The purpose of this lab is to determine the formula of an unknown hydrate. To achieve this, we heated a hydrate over a Bunsen burner to drive out the water. As a result, the anhydrate is left and the data is used to calculate the mole ratio between the amount of anhydride and water. Then the mole ratios are used to calculate the hydration number, which was 4.8, but was rounded to 5 in the formula. The accepted formula is 〖CuSO〗_4∙5H_2 O and the percent of error was 4%.

When dealing with glass objects such as a glass beaker or thermometer, be sure to hold the item. In instances where glass is broken during the experiment, do not clean up the area yourself! Notify your instructor immediately.

In experiment A the results from the precipitation of CaC2O4 H2O from the salt mixture were obtained by weighing the items listed on Table 1 on a scale.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the percent by mass in a hydrated salt, as well as to learn to handle laboratory apparatus without touching it. The hydrated salt, calcium carbonate, was heated with high temperature to release water molecules. Gravimetric analysis was used in this experiment to determine the percent by mass of water in a hydrated salt. The hypothesis of this experiment was accepted on the basis that the percent by mass of volatile water in the hydrated salt would be fewer than 30%. The percent by mass was determined by the mass of water loss devised by the mass of hydrated salt multiplied by total capacity

One possible source of error for this experiment is if the anhydride had been exposed to air before measuring because it could have reabsorbed some water vapor in the air. This would cause the ratio of moles of anhydride to moles of water change because there would be less water calculated depending on how much water was actually absorbed back in the anhydride. Another possible source of error is if not all of the water was evaporated from the hydrate. This would also change the ratio of moles of anhydride to moles of water because there would be less water calculated since some of the water’s mass would be accounted for in the mass of the anhydride.

World War Two resulted in a chaotic destruction that overwhelmed Europe. These feelings of dismay are concisely summarized in Ruta Sepetys’ Salt of the Sea.. An impactful quote states, “war had bled color from everything, leaving nothing but a storm of gray.” The war in 1945 had drained any and all feelings of hope and spirit out of European people. In it’s wake, the war left a cloud of devastation and despair. Florian and Joana have to overcome this war, their fate, and guilt in order to return to their past selves and survive their journey in a German and Russian warzone.

The percent of water can be determined in a hydrate by first determining the mass of the hydrate Copper (II) Sulfate penta-hydrate. The substance will be a deep blue color when it is a hydrate. By heating the substance, water is evaporated, removing the water from the hydrate, making it anyhydrous through a simple decomposition reaction. Evaporation is completed when the substance turns from a blue to a white/ grey color. The mass of the water in a hydrate is determined by subtracting the mass of the hydrate from the mass of the anhydrate. The mass of the water is then divided by the mass of the hydrate, and multiplied by one hundred, resulting in the percent of water in the hydrate, which is 36.35%. The percent error is determined by subtracting

NH3. Add 20 mL water to the beaker by filling and emptying the 10 mL cylinder into the beaker

The mass percent of water was determined using the mass of water and dividing it by the total mass of the hydrate and then multiplying that answer by 100%. The number of moles of water in a hydrate was determined by taking the mass of the water released and dividing it by the molar mass of water. The number of moles of water and the number of moles of the hydrate was used to calculate the ratio of moles of water to moles of the sample. This ratio was then used to write the new and balanced equation of the dehydration process. The sample was then rehydrated to the original state and the percent of the hydrate recovered was calculated by using the mass of the rehydrated sample by

Because salt dissolves in water, we added water to the salt and sand mixture. Sand is insoluble in water making the sand not dissolve. The mixture containing of sand and salt water was then filtered with filter paper. The filter paper allowed the salt water to pass through because it is a liquid while not allowing sand to pass through because it is a solid. The salt water was then collected in a pre-weighed 250-mL (67.88 gram) beaker while the sand and filter paper was put in a pre-weighed (52.02 gram) 100-mL beaker. The water was then evaporated because we left both beakers to dry overnight.

The goal of this experiment was to determine the empirical formula for a hydrate of magnesium sulfate and water. The technique that was used was measure the mass of the hydrate and then apply heat to evaporate the water. Then determine the mass of water that was in the hydrate and the mass of the remaining magnesium sulfate. The equation for the hydrate is determined by calculating the mole to mole ratio of the water and the anhydrous. The resulting formula will be formated as: MgSO4*_H2O

The substance evolved some in the form of color, turning from blue to white, however it’s overall consistency remained the same, despite the difference in mass. Conversely, some substances such as Epsom salt, do not undergo such a drastic alteration during the transformation to an anhydrous state. Due to the transformation of the hydrated copper sulfate to its original color upon adding water, it can be concluded that some hydrates do possess the capability of being rehydrated after dehydration and vice versa. Yet other substances, like sugar, do not possess this capability due to the fact its overall structure was changed upon applying heat. Applying heat to sugar involves the removal of water and an overall breakdown of the substance. Once broken down, the sugar does not possess the capability of reverting back to its’ original granule state, so it is an irreversible

This experiment is being conducted to obtain the percent by mass of water that is in a hydrate (hydrate of copper (II) sulfate and hydrate of copper (II) chloride) and use this calculated value as a comparison between expected results. By doing this, a better understanding of hydrates, simple decomposition reactions, and the Law of Definite Decomposition will be achieved. Hydrates are usually crystalline compounds that are sensitive to water in the environment. They absorb whatever water molecules are in the air and include them into their structure. When the water has been evaporated

Intermolecular forces hold molecules together when they are in solid or liquid state. However, water has the ability to dissociate many salts and ionic compounds. This is called dissolving. When NaCl is added to water, it dissociates into the ions; Na+ and Cl- . The positive sodium ions are surrounded by the slightly negatively charged part of water molecules (i.e. oxygen) in the water molecules and the negative chlorine ions are surrounded by the slightly positively charged part of water molecules (i.e. the hydrogen). The kinetic energy of the sodium chloride molecules increase with temperature. This destabilizes the solid state that it is currently in. This increased motion means that the molecules are less able to hold together and as such they dissolve at faster rates and larger amounts.

The worst thing a parent can experience is when your own child commits a crime. Should parents forgive their own flesh and blood no matter what, and if so, what is unforgiveable? In what way can religion help the parent to forgive such a crime as rape or is it even possible? These dilemmas are mentioned in the short story “Spilled Salt”, written by Barbara Neely, published in 1990.