Hydration Of Norbornene

group. The location of this hydroxyl functional group will impact the molecular structure of the

The carbon-carbon double bond of alkenes represents a site that has a high electron intensity. This site is susceptible to oxidation. Depending on the conditions or reagents used to initiate the oxidation of alkenes, various products can be obtained. With relative mild oxidation, it is only the pi bond of an alkene that is cleaved resulting in the production of 1,2-diols or epoxides. However, when there is more vigorous

Alcohol dehydrations are widely used in many industries to produce alkene. In this experiment 2-methylcyclohexanol was dehydrated to three possible products using phosphoric acid as a catalyst. The main tool for this experiment is the Hickman still. First, Drierite was added to the Hickman still so that any excess water formed during the experiment will be absorbed. It also acted as a boiling stone and addition surface to increase surface area. Next, 0.75 mL of 2-methylcyclohexanol is added to the still and right after 1 mL of phosphoric acid is added. The phosphoric acid (H3PO4) acts as a catalyst in order for the reaction to occur. The mixture is heated up to between 120o Celsius and 160o Celsius. If the temperature goes above 165oC then

The reaction involves a nucleophilic acyl substitution on an aldehyde, with the leaving group concurrently attacking another aldehyde in the second step. First the Potassium hydroxide attacks a carbonyl, which forms a tetahedral intermediate which then collapses when attacked by another hydroxide. The carbonyl is formed again when its hydride attacks another carbonyl. In the final step of the reaction, the acid and alkoxide ions formed exchange a proton. In the presence of a very high concentration of base, the aldehyde first forms a doubly charged anion from which a hydride ion is transferred to the second molecule of aldehyde to form carboxylate and alkoxide ions. Subsequently, the alkoxide ion acquires a proton from the solvent.

Background and Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that process substrates, which is the chemical molecule that enzymes work on to make products. Enzyme purpose is to increase the rate of activity and speed up chemical reaction in a form of biological catalysts. The enzymes specialize in lowering the activation energy to start the process. Enzymes are very specific in their process, each substrate is designed to fit with a specific substrate and the enzyme and substrate link at the active site. The binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme is a very specific interaction. Active sites are clefts or grooves on the surface of an enzyme, usually composed of amino acids from different parts of the polypeptide chain that are brought together in the tertiary structure of the folded protein. Substrates initially bind to the active site by noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Once a substrate is bound to the active site of an enzyme, multiple mechanisms can accelerate its conversion to the product of the reaction. But sometimes, these enzymes fail or succeed to increase the rate of action because of various factors that limit the action. These factors can be known as temperature, acidity levels (pH), enzyme and/or substrate concentration, etc. In this experiment, it will be tested how much of an effect

By a form of passive transport called diffusion, across a concentration gradient. Water soluble substances such as sugars and inorganic ions diffuse very slowly, with no energy expenditure. It is a uniport mechanism and demonstrates saturation kinetics where the glucose specific receptors are all occupied and operating at max capacity.

The mass percent of water was determined using the mass of water and dividing it by the total mass of the hydrate and then multiplying that answer by 100%. The number of moles of water in a hydrate was determined by taking the mass of the water released and dividing it by the molar mass of water. The number of moles of water and the number of moles of the hydrate was used to calculate the ratio of moles of water to moles of the sample. This ratio was then used to write the new and balanced equation of the dehydration process. The sample was then rehydrated to the original state and the percent of the hydrate recovered was calculated by using the mass of the rehydrated sample by

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to understand the kinetics of the hydrolysis of t-butyl chloride.The kinetic order of reaction was studied under the effects of variations in temperature, solvent polarity, and structure. It is particularly observed in tertiarhalides i.e. in SN1mechanism, Nucleophilic Substitution which is in 1storder. It is basically a reaction that involves substitution by a solvent that pretendslikea nucleophile i.e. it donates electrons. The reaction being in firstorder means

Theophylline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma, it has a low molecular weight of 180.2. It is slightly acidic, when in a saturated solution of water and has a pKa of 8.81.

(1) AChE and BChE showed greatest activity when hydrolysing their native substrates; ACh and BCh respectively. AChE rapidly hydrolysed ACh, however it hydrolysed BCh at a minimal rate (0.83%). In contrast, BChE showed comparatively minimal difference in catalytic efficiency in the hydrolysis of ACh, upon which is concurrent with Radic et al (1993) (Figure1).

The solution that was performed in this experiment was to use sulfuric acid in order to form a protonated alcohol, so when the halogen or nucleophile back attacks the compound, water is displaced. Once the alcohol is protonated, the solution reacts in either an SN1 or SN2 mechanism.

The purposes of this experiment were to model a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction between potassium hydroxide (KOH) with 1-bromopropane and determine whether it follows a second-order rate law mechanism. A rate constant of 0.0684 M-1 min-1 was obtained for this reaction at 45.1°C, which was determined through equilibrating the reaction and performing titrations of 0.390 M KOH with 0.1000 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The activation energy calculated from class data was 50.188 kJ/mol, which deviated largely from the literature range value of 72.80–83.76 kJ/mol. It was concluded that the reaction was consistent with the predicted SN2 mechanism, based on the regression of a trendline.

In this preparative lab, an aldol (trans-p-anisalacetophenone) was produced from the reaction between p-anisaldehyde and acetophenone with the presence sodium hydroxide. The reaction also showed the importance of an enolate and the role it played in the mechanism. Sodium hydroxide acts as a catalyst in this experiment and is chosen because of its basic conditions and pH. The acetophenone carries an alpha hydrogen that has a pKa between 18 and 20. This alpha hydrogen is acidic because of its location near the carbonyl on acetophenone. When the sodium hydroxide is added, it deprotonates the hydrogen and creates an enolate ion. This deprotonation creates a nucleophilic carbon that can attack an electrophilic carbon (like a parent

The initial reactants are hydrogen fluoride and dimethyl ether in a 1:1 ratio [1]. There is hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen fluoride molecules, between the fluorine in the hydrogen fluoride molecules and the methyl groups on dimethyl, and between the methyl groups and the oxygen atom in dimethyl ether [1]. The first bond broken is the covalent bond between hydrogen and fluorine [2&3]. The fluorine atom takes both of the electrons from the hydrogen because it is more electronegative, leaving the hydrogen atoms as naked protons with a charge of +1 [4]. Each fluorine atom is now an anion with a complete valence shell of electrons and a charge of -1 [5]. Simultaneous, the transient hydrogen ion collides with and covalently bonds with the

The product that formed after hydrolysed is broken to monosaccharide which are glucose molecules. This is because glucose is a type of reducing sugar that can turns Benedict’s solution from blue to brick-red precipitate. Starch and glucose are consider as carbohydrate . Figure below shows