Hydroboration: Atom and Hydrogen Peroxide Essay

In an oxidation reaction, the number of C-H bonds decreases or the number of C-O bonds increases, while in a reduction reaction, the number of C-H bonds increases or the number of C-O bonds decreases. In the oxidation step of this reaction, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone is formed from when a C-H bond is lost while a C-O bond is gained to create a carbonyl. In the reduction step, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol is formed when the carbonyl is converted into an alcohol when a nucleophilic hydride attacks the carbonyl. Whether the OH is in the

Objective: The objective of this lab is to observe the synthesis of 1-bromobutane in an SN2 reaction, to see how a primary alky halide reacts with an alcohol.

The products of the primary alcohol reaction, 1-butanol and HCl, are 1-chlorobutane and water; products of the secondary alcohol, 2-butanol and HCl are 2-chlorobutane and water; products of the tertiary alcohol, 2-methyl-2-propanol are 2-methyl-2-chloropropane and water.

The Purpose of this experiment is for the students to learn how to use sodium borohydride to reduce benzil to its secondary alcohol product via reduction reaction. This two-step reaction reduces aldehydes by hydrides to primary alcohols, and ketones to secondary alcohols. In order for the reaction to occur and to better control the stereochemistry and yield of the product, the metal hydride nucleophile of the reducing agents such as LiH, LiAlH4, or NaBH4 must be carefully chosen. Being that LiAlH4 and NaBH4 will not react with isolated carbon-carbon double bonds nor the double bonds from aromatic rings; the chosen compound can be reduce selectively when the nucleophile only react with

The reaction involves a nucleophilic acyl substitution on an aldehyde, with the leaving group concurrently attacking another aldehyde in the second step. First the Potassium hydroxide attacks a carbonyl, which forms a tetahedral intermediate which then collapses when attacked by another hydroxide. The carbonyl is formed again when its hydride attacks another carbonyl. In the final step of the reaction, the acid and alkoxide ions formed exchange a proton. In the presence of a very high concentration of base, the aldehyde first forms a doubly charged anion from which a hydride ion is transferred to the second molecule of aldehyde to form carboxylate and alkoxide ions. Subsequently, the alkoxide ion acquires a proton from the solvent.

The objective of this laboratory experiment is to study both SN1 and SN2 reactions. The first part of the lab focuses on synthesizing 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol by using an SN2 mechanism. The obtained product will then be analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and refractive index. The second part of the lab concentrates on how different factors influence the rate of SN1 reactions. The factors that will be examined are the leaving group, Br – versus Cl-; the structure of the alkyl group, 3◦ versus 2◦; and the polarity of the solvent, 40 percent 2-propanol versus 60 percent 2-propanol.

Abstract: Using hypochlorous acid to convert secondary alcohol called cyclododecanol to the corresponding ketone which is cyclododecanone by oxidation.

1. Purpose: to clarify the mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction between benzonitrile oxide and an alkene, and to test the regiochemistry of the reaction between benzonitrile oxide and styrene.

The solution that was performed in this experiment was to use sulfuric acid in order to form a protonated alcohol, so when the halogen or nucleophile back attacks the compound, water is displaced. Once the alcohol is protonated, the solution reacts in either an SN1 or SN2 mechanism.

However, based on the data obtained in Table 1, Figure 1 shows that all of the chemical substances formed a precipitate, while the tertiary substrate 2-chloro-2-methylpropane formed a precipitate the fastest. This makes sense because as a rule in SN1 reactions, the more stable the carbocation is the faster the reaction will occur. Also, SN1 reactions will prefer tertiary substrates to secondary substrates and secondary substrates to primary substrates. The next substrates to form a precipitate were 2-bromobutane followed by 1-bromobutane. However, it was expected that 2-chlorobutane would form a precipitate before 1-bromobutane because 2-chlorobutane is a secondary substrate, and therefore has a more stable carbocation. The reason that this occurred is because bromine is a better leaving group than chlorine, which allows it to bind easier with the silver ion. The reactions that formed the heaviest precipitate were 2-bromobutane, 1-bromobutane, and 2-chloro-2-methylpropane. This is because these reactions occurred at a faster rate and therefore, generated more of a product than 2-chlorobutane and 1-chlorobutane, which only formed a precipitate upon cooling from the warm water bath.

The reaction took place in a conical vial and .2mL of each of the reactant samples were added to it along with some 95% ethanol. Two drops of NaOH were added shortly after and stirred at room temperature for fifteen minutes. The vial was cooled in and ice bath and crystallized. Vacuum filtration was performed to filter the crude product. The crude product was recrystallized using methanol and filtered again. We made one change to the procedure and instead of using .7mL of ethanol we

The method used in this experiment is called an oxidation reaction. An oxidizing agent takes away electrons from other reactants during a redox reaction. The oxidizing agent typically takes these electrons for itself, thus gaining electrons and being reduced (Helmstein, Ph. D 2017). The organic oxidant used in this experiment is sodium hypochlorite, which is also known as “household bleach’. Sodium hypochlorite in acetic acid is an alternate oxidizing agent used for the development of ketones that was developed by Stevens, Chapman and Weller due to the many advantages it displays (J. Org. Chem, 1980, 45, 2030). This particular oxidation of sodium hypochlorite is an exothermic reaction meaning that it releases heat as an energy form. Due to the exothermic nature of this experiment, temperature ranges should be monitored throughout the experiment. The overall objective in this experiment is to yield a

Mechanism: Key features of the Fischer Esterification mechanism are: a. protonation of the carbonyl group, b. the

Through this lab, we were exposed to the essential laboratory techniques used for hydrating an alkene to form an alcohol. We gained familiarity with techniques such as infared spectroscopy, separation, and extraction. Using these techniques, we performed hydroboration/oxidation to styrene to yield 2-phenylethanol. Afterwards, we evaluated the success of the lab by performing an IR. In regards to my yield, I only collected 1.007g of product while the theoretical yield was 1.8g. Therefore, my percent yield was only 56%.1 I believe that most of my error originated from the separation and extraction steps. When isolating the organic layer, minute amounts were lost as a result of not turning off the stopcock fast enough. Moreover, there might have

The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction is an important and valuable electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. First introduced in 1912 by Charles Friedel and James M. Crafts, this reaction allows large multi-step reactions to take place, and creates numerous types of products.1 Today, Friedel-Crafts reactions are among the most used electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. In the electrophilic aromatic substitution class of reactions, functional groups are substituted onto an aromatic ring.2 Products such as ketones, hydrocarbons and phenols, phenol ethers, and keto acids can be produced by electrophilic aromatic substitution.1 These products can then undergo other reactions, allowing for the creation of many types of products. The products acquired can be used for a range of purposes, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes, etcetera.3