Hydrocephalus Case

During a mean follow-up time of 28, 8 months we found a deep infection in 18 patients (7, 1%) and wound dehiscence in 17 patients (6,6%). At 100 days after the last operation (survival time (1)) the infection rate was 3.65% (95% CI, 1.1% - 6.2%). For Survival time (2) (100 days after the first operation) the infection rate was 3.38% (95 %CI, 0.9 - 5.9%). 95% of patients were free of infection in the first 6 months follow up. No significant association was found between gender or hydrocephalus etiology. Taking into account the follow-up time, neither gender, diagnosis, age, EVD nor antibiotic impregnated catheters have a statistically significant effect on the infection-free interval. Only revision rate represents as a risk factor.

* Cerebrovascular Disease: More commonly known as stroke cerebrovascular disease can be cause by either a colt or blockage that cuts off blood flow to a part of the brain or by haemorrhage. In both cases there is damage or death of the brain tissue that can cause paralysis, speech disorder, swallowing problems and immobility. People with diabetes and high blood pressure are at higher risk of stroke.

Encephalomalacia is a condition that’s characterized by the softening of brain tissue due to inflammation or hemorrhage. Encephalomalacia is regarded as one of the most serious types of brain condition that can bring irreversible damage and affect the normal function of the body as a whole. In some cases, the brain is known to deteriorate and this often leads to extensive softening of the substances within. This softening can be in one specific area or spread to other areas. Tissue and organ damage is possible and may easily occur during this condition within the occipital lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe and parietal lobe. Effects within this specific part of the brain cause immediate stoppage of functions and is known as cerebral softening.

Anencephaly is a congenital birth defect and is characterized by the absence of the prosencephalon (fore-brain), cerebrum, cerebellum, and cranium. Part of the brain-stem is usually present. The head usually stops just above the eyebrows and slopes backwards. Since the head stops so suddenly, many babies appear to have bulging eyes. Some are born with cyclopia, the presence of only one eye centered in the middle of the forehead.

This story follows a 14 year old Indian boy named Arnold Spirit Jr. He was born with hydrocephalus which filled too much cerebral spinal fluid inside his skull. This lead to numerous health problems which included extra teeth in his mouth, awkwardly sized body parts, and random seizures as a child. Since his parents were very poor the hospital couldn’t do as much to help. Junior lived all his life with the Spokane Tribe going to a very low budget school he calls the “Rez”. On page 46 of this book, Junior tells his parents that he’s considering transferring to Reardan, one of the best schools in the state. This was very far away from where they lived but they had much more to offer such as a computer room, a huge laboratory, and two basketball

Changes in the brain will be that some parts are not getting the blood supply which then leads to dead tissue causing a form of disability depending on the area of the brain affected.

Stroke previously known as Cerebrovascular accident is well-defined as ‘an abrupt cessation of cerebral circulation in one or more of the blood vessels distributing the brain. Due to the interruption or diminish of oxygen supply causes serious damage or necrosis in the brain tissues (Jauch, Kissella & Stettler, 2005). There is a presence of one or more symptoms such as weakness or numbness or paralysis of the face, arm or leg, difficulty speaking or swallowing, dizziness, loss of balance, loss of vision, sudden blurring or decreased vision in one or both eyes and headache. Stoke is categorised into two types, Ischaemic and haemorrhagic

Clients suffering from stroke have slow speech loss of memory, speechless one side of their body paralysed which cause restriction to their movement.

Symptoms vary depending on the amount of damage caused by pressure in the brain. Symptoms may be similar to symptoms of progression of hydrocephalus in children, or may include the following or other symptoms:

A. There are various reasons why children have microcephaly. However, given the situational context, a likely explanation is that Gleyse has contracted the Zika virus.

Microcephaly is a rare neurological condition affecting 2-12 babies per 10,000 live births in the United States every year (Smith, 2016). It is a condition where a person’s head size is smaller than others of the same age and sex. The smaller head size is due to undeveloped brain during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth. Standardized charts were used to determine smaller than normal size by getting the head circumference. Microcephaly can occur with or without combination of other major birth defects.

Encephalitis literally means an inflammation of the brain, but it usually refers to brain inflammation caused by a virus. It may also be called “acute viral encephalitis or aseptic encephalitis';. Encephalitis is an infectious disease of the Central Nervous System characterized by pathologic changes in both the gray and white matter of the spinal cord and brain. It may be due to specific disease entity such as rabies or an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus), or it may occur as a sequela of influenza, measles, German measles, chicken pox, herpes virus infection, small pox, vaccinia, or other diseases. The specific viruses involved may vary. Exposure can also occur through insect bites, food or drink, or skin

Krabbe’s disease has many signs and symptoms. There are three stages of this condition in infantile form. Stage 1: The infant is seemingly normal and healthy for the first couple months after birth. However during early onset of this disease, the child has signs of incoordination, vomiting, irritability, unexplained fevers and stiff posture. Initial symptoms that may occur are seizures (Wenger 2000). There is slight developmental regression and behavioral abnormalities, in particular, displaying hypersensitivity to sound and touch (ORDR). Throughout this stage, the Cerebrspinal Fluid (CSF) protein concentration at this point is significantly increased (Wenger 2000). The CSF is a liquid that bathes the brain and spinal cord. Its function is to cushion the brain and spinal cord, protecting against injury. It also circulates chemicals and certain nutrients that are filtered from the blood and it also removes waste products from the brain (Lantos 2011).

. There are many factors thought to be involved in the cause of encephalocele. Family history of spina bifida and anencephaly are thought to be contributing genetic factors. Exposure to certain environmental toxins and amniotic band syndrome are also believed to factors. Folic acid supplementation cann greatly decrease the chance of having a baby with a neural tube defect

Encephalitis is a condition caused by viruses which cause the brain to become inflamed. There are two types of encephalitis one is called primary because the viruses affect the brain itself. Secondary is the viruses travel from some other part of the body that has been affect to the brain. When the virus reaches the brain it begins to multiply causing inflammation. The brain’s white matter can be destroyed. This destruction causes cell death, hemorrhage and edema. The edema begins to compress the blood vessels this causes intracranial pressure (Mayo Clinic, 2011).