Hyper-Segregation Essay

Owning a home is something many people yearn for. According to the racial wealth gap by Janelle Jones “Overall housing equity makes up about two-thirds of all wealth for a typical household”. Many blacks would like to own a home but either are discriminated against in the housing market or cannot afford it. According to the Chicago Tribune, in 2016 only 42.2 percent of blacks owned a home while 71.9 percent of whites owned a home. Less than half of black people own a home. This then leads to education, African Americans not being able to own a home and live in metropolitan areas leads to a low education rate. According to the HuffPost “Children that grow up in poor neighborhoods have a significantly reduced chance of graduating high school. This is a significant quote, I have seen from personal experience coming from a public school, in a metropolitan area that many minorities drop out. This is still an ongoing problem today in Milwaukee. A significant part of blacks going to public schools, with low education rates is because of racial segregation.

According to Massey and Denton (1988), residential segregation “is the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment”(282). Now this is a pretty general definition, but it gives basic but good insight as to what residential desegregation is talking about. In this paper, I will mostly be focusing on residential segregation as it relates to the black and white populations in relation to one another, although I will be referencing some other races briefly to create a better understanding of concepts or ideas.

Segregation between black and whites being around since the beginning of slavery era but segregation didn’t get legal until 1896 when the supreme court sanction legal separation between black and whites in the ruling H.A. Plessy v. J.H. Ferguson. The ruling stated that separation of black and whites was legal as long equal facilities did not violate the fourteenth amendment. The united states did indeed abolish slavery but did they not intend to make blacks first class citizen as white because after the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment was passed, the supreme court had pass three series of judgment making African Americans second class citizens. Blacks were forces via private action to separate themselves from white in areas of transportation, public accommodation, prison, school, recreational places and even armed forces. The supreme court did not make segregation illegal until 1954 during the case of Brown vs. Board of Education.

Racial tension in the United States is a growing concern. A big challenge is raising awareness about racial segregation effects on the wider community. In order to ease the pressure and begin repairing race relations the paranoid style of American policing and the segregation of American citizens should be addressed as a primary cause. Along with undermining the legitimacy of officers, communities where a distinct separation is based on race or other differences, allows distrust of the police force to fester and grow. By not believing the police force is there to protect and serve, an unbalanced society is created from injustices and distrust. To begin unraveling our racial crisis communities should focus on programs to help eliminate segregation.

Segregation politically marginalized black citizens. There are many effects on Segregation as to how it began and ended. It began before the 1950’s. Segregation took place on school buses, in school, and in most public places. Before the Civil War, slavery existed in the United States. However, after the war things evolved and got worse for black people. The south began to start passing laws that limited the rights of blacks and segregated them from whites. Reconstruction after the civil war caused serious challenges to white supremacy and especially in the south where most African Americans continued to live. Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States, and also starting

There is great proof that African Americans citizens now have equal rights as white citizens, but there is also solid evidence proving that African Americans were held back from having the same rights as white men and women. There was a set of laws passed called the Jim Crow laws, which led to the enforcement of segregation between blacks and whites. Racial segregation was enforced until it was fully ended in every state in 1964, due to the Civil Rights Act, declaring segregation wrong. The retracement of segregation led to integration of schools. Although it was deemed socially unacceptable to associate with African Americans before, the Civil Rights Act that made segregation illegal, which led to the need to integrate schools, such as Central High School, otherwise known as the school of the Little Rock School Crisis.

The most common effort to reduce racial, ethnic and economic isolation through curriculum-based programming involved efforts to promote tolerance and respect. Twenty-nine hyper-segregated elementary schools described character development programming designed to eliminate bullying and mean behavior. The following excerpt from the narrative provided by Farmingville Elementary School in Ridgefield, Connecticut is a representative sample of this type of programming:

Linda Brown from Topeka, Kansas. Linda walked six blocks in order to catch the bus to school. Linda went to a segregated rundown school for blacks. While right down the street, a newer high end school (Summer Elementary School) was built for the purpose of white kids only. Therefore

School systems have been not racially segregated but socially segregated. In many are taking advantage by the rich. The lower class don't have as many educational opportunities than in the major higher class. the higher class has it easier to succeed because they have all this programs to help them get ready for college when in the lower class they just get mainly the mo st basic to get around with high school. this is one of the major cases why we have the highest high school dropouts which the majority is Hispanics which take the highest percentage and which are followed by the African Americans. This should concern us because they majority of our youth aren't receiving enough education they need. This can effect the U.S because many of

By the late 1930's, the words “Jim Crow” were affiliated with racial segregation, so strict that they were reinforced under the law. “Nearly all aspects of everyday life were governed by Jim Crow laws, as whites and blacks were forced to use separate water fountains, parks, and bathrooms” (Desmond and Emirbayer 2016, 69). This also made it subsequently illegal for these two racial groups to attend the same schools. These laws were supported with the full weight of the Supreme Court in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, which ruled that racial segregation was constitutional, because African American and white facilities were seen to be separate yet also equal. This could not be farther from the truth, however, in regards to the educational system. Although the Civil Rights Act

This can essentially hurt a diverse student’s self-esteem by feeling their culture and self is not worthy, and in the bigger picture, can promote racism, prejudices, and privileges between cultures. Fortunately, new common core curriculum standards have made an effort to turn around the promotion of white-ethnocentric, hegemony in academics by including women, people of color, religions other than Christianity and members of the dominant group who value differences and multiple perspectives. (Gollnick, Chinn)

On October 29, 1969, the Supreme Court ruled the end of segregation in school districts. This was the day that black students and white students would attain the goal of integration and the day that children “will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.” Integration did happen, but it came with a price; the loss of identity of black people and the overwhelming presence of the Eurocentric model, “Despite the ethnic changes in the population of the United States during the last 40 years, education has continued to be based upon Eurocentric model, the teaching of the world view from a European-centered or a Western-centered point of view. (Darling-Hammond, 2010). For decades the school system has used the Eurocentric model and for decades black students have been stereotyped as the rebellious race that cannot achieve academically.

In the 21st century American classroom, educators will find students with varying races, cultural backgrounds, economic statuses, and even academic backgrounds (Echevarria, Vogt, & Short, 2008). Understanding students’ strengths and weaknesses, along with their individual likes and dislikes, will help educators in reaching their students. De Jesus (2005) points out that many educators treat culturally and diverse students as though they cannot learn or that it is normal for them to suffer academically. Because they are not of the European American culture, they are considered lacking in the ability to learn.

Culturally and linguistically diverse students in the U.S. education system have challenges that often create low expectations. Culturally and linguistically diverse students oftentimes don’t feel understood. Sometimes certain opinions of race and class are disconcerting predictors of success at school. Different learning styles, and academic unavailability founded from their culture, are difficulties these students can face as well.

The eight essays describe the apartheid in South Africa that began in 1945 and continued on until almost the end of the century. Similarly to these essays, a novel by the name of Cry, the Beloved Country also takes place in South Africa and describes the hardships of segregation and the apartheid at the time. These two pieces of writing have many differences, but they also have many similarities between the two. One of these similarities is that during the fight to overcome oppression, there are unavoidable obstacles and tragedies. In Cry, the Beloved Country, Kumalo lost his son to the savage that had been growing inside of him. His son, Absalom, had taken the life of Arthur Jarvis, a prominent figure in the fight for justice against discrimination.